Problem solving and decision making Consideration of Individual Differences using the Myers

Title and Abstract The title used partially gives the reader a clue on what is to be discussed but does not elaborately and vividly bring out a picture of what the article entails. It has not been clearly stated that the problem solving and decision marking is based on the determination of the individual differences among various people. The abstract on the other hand has been too general hence the exact details contained in the article have not been well brought out.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Problem solving and decision making: Consideration of Individual Differences using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction The introduction is well connected with brief but well researched and cited background information. The statement of the hypothesis is acceptable and well brought out. However, the objectives are not clear in the sense that it has not been stated how the use o f this research benefit an organization in decision making. The advantages derived from using this model as compared to the other model have also not been mentioned. It is only mentioned that this model is the most preferred but with no reason to support it. Participant selection (sampling procedures) Generally, this article gives information in a reported manner, that is, the information contained in this article is based on the already tried researched methods and therefore only tries to give an explanation to the research and its findings. Despite all these, there is nowhere mentioned in the article where this model was applied in determining the individual differences in problem solving. In a nutshell, this article is just but a description of a theory that is said to be widely applied but does not give clear evidence on how it was applied. There is no statement of how the research was conducted by the pioneers of this model and the results found from the same. It is therefore v ery difficult to tell the procedures used in the research and how the sampling was conducted. Procedure section This article solely concentrates on describing the relationship between the individual differences and problem solving. Views from the various theorists have also been included to come up with a solid explanation that relates the two aspects; individual differences and problem solving. What has actually been given in this article is barely an explanation but since this is a research that has been conducted, it should be accompanied by lots of supporting evidence which lacks in this article. It is therefore not clear whether the information given in this study is authentic and whether this model can be successfully applied as a reliable tool for decision making. The procedures towards problem solving have been proposed but no report on whether they have ever been tested and tried or not. Measure section The procedures given in this article are consistent and have vivid expl anations. However, it is not authentic and its workability raises doubts. This is basically because the supporting evidence is too little to fully back the information provided. For instance, test-retest approximations bring uncertainty concerning the constancy of MBTI-type marks.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Statistical analysis and results There is very little statistical analysis provided in this article. The assumptions that were taken during the research have not been mentioned anywhere. It is therefore very difficult to tell whether there were assumptions during the research and how they were solved. Discussion and interpretation The article mainly explains the results of the research that was conducted although the results themselves have not been well stated. However, basing on the information disclosed in the article, it is very true that the lack of solid evidence to sup port this model makes the entire model subject to doubt and criticism. This can be exemplified by overdependence on scores of preference on dichotomous as opposed to the continuous scores which is a limiting factor to the echelon of statistical analysis such as assigning of frequencies to the mentioned sixteen types in the module. Additionally, test-retest approximations bring uncertainty concerning the constancy of MBTI-type marks. Some investigators suggest that all personality surveys bear ambiguous stands. From the information provided in the article concerning the MBTI module, it is very to come up with an assertion the MBTI preference has errors and has insufficient scientific back up and research as far as the utility of the MBTI is concerned especially in organizational settings. From the appearance of the description, it can be further argued out that there is no sufficient, well designed research to validate the application of the MBTI perspective in areas like career and organizational and counseling. The current methodologies on which the evidence is supported are inadequate and inefficient to effectively bring forth a reliable module that can be widely used in various areas and fields (Huitt, 1992). General issues Generally, there is flow of ideas throughout the article and all the information has been presented in a logical order that is understandable. However, the problem solving techniques have just been stated in brief without a solid description. It is therefore difficult to understand full how each of them works. Conclusion In my own opinion, this article has attempted to give a vivid explanation to problem solving but the main limitation is that it lacks the scientific and practical evidence of its workability. It can therefore be improved by incorporating more scientific backing to the information disclosed to make it an authentic document that can be adopted.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Problem solving and deci sion making: Consideration of Individual Differences using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference Huitt, W. (1992). Problem solving and decision making: Consideration of individual differences using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Journal of Psychological Type, 24, 33-44. This essay on Problem solving and decision making: Consideration of Individual Differences using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was written and submitted by user Hattie Reed to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Problem solving and Decision Making Consideration of Individual Differences Using the Myers

Anorexia Nervosa Signs, Effects and Therapies

Anorexia Nervosa Signs, Effects and Therapies Introduction Anorexia nervosa is a nutritional disorder depicted by excessive food constraint, unfounded phobia of weight gain and negative physical self-perception (Brown Isaacs, 2008). It involves extreme loss of weight and is more prevalent in females than in males. People with this disorder often limit their intake of food resulting in acute hormonal as well as metabolic maladies. Anorexia is particularly life-threatening for pregnant mothers and their unborn children.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Anorexia Nervosa: Signs, Effects and Therapies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper looks at the signs of anorexia nervosa, its effects on pregnant mothers and delivery, as well as the nutritional therapies for patients suffering from anorexia. It also recommends healthcare professionals who should be incorporated in the treatment process. Signs of Anorexia Nervosa The indications of people suffering from ano rexia include constipation, laziness, fatigue, drowsiness, headaches, brittle nails, and dizziness (Abraham, 2008). It is also characterized by osteoporosis, which may bring about fractured bones. The most frequent causes of death in anorexia include electrolyte and body fluid disproportions, suicide and cardiac arrest. Many cases of anorexia are accompanied by psychiatric and physical disorders such as drug and substance abuse, neurological complications, anxiety, depression, cardiovascular complications, and obsessive behavior. Anorexia, Pregnancy and Childbirth Generally, pregnant women possess an inflated sensitivity to variations in the shapes of their bodies. For people suffering from anorexia, the elevation of the sensitivity can result in fatal actions such as starvation or purging (Ross, McMahon Bernstein 2013). Anorexia poses a risk to the pregnancy since the mother does not consume the required nutrients. A clear sign or anorexia in expectant mothers is failure to gain 2 5 to 35 pounds during pregnancy or acute hyperemesis. Most purging pregnant mothers hide their condition by attributing the vomiting to morning sickness. Dangers of Anorexia to Pregnancy and Delivery Anorexia causes difficulties during pregnancy and may necessitate delivery through cesarian section, breech delivery and the use of forceps. Nurses in the Labor and Delivery health department should identify the signs of anorexia early enough and should be prepared for any complications.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The mother’s eating disorder impedes the birth weight of the fetus. Anorexia during pregnancy may also lead to an infant with poor health (may show retarded growth and vitamin deficiency). Other dangers posed by anorexia in pregnant women include infant mortality, premature labor, gestational diabetes, stillbirth, respiratory complications, preeclamp sia, and miscarriages (Bothamley Boyle, 2009). Nutritional Therapies used in Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa Therapy for pregnant women with anorexia includes the restoration of the patients’ weight, handling the psychological issues linked with anorexia nervosa, getting rid of deliberations or actions that cause the disorder, and prevention of a relapse (Price, 2007). Nutritional supplements can be given to the patient besides a properly supervised diet. To do this effectively, nurses in the Labor and Delivery unit need to incorporate the services of other health professionals in psychotherapy and treatment. Health Care Professionals Recommended for the Treatment To deal with anorexia in pregnant women, the services of certified mental health care providers are required. Different procedures of group and individual psychotherapy are required to deal with the psychological causes of the disorder. Family members may also be incorporated into the therapy sessions since they cont ribute partially to the disorder. Physicians and assistant physicians should be contacted to ascertain the physical implications of the disorder on the mother and the fetus. Due to the essential nutritional demands of pregnancy and childbirth, the services of dietitians are significant as they can recommend alternative sources of nutrition to help the mother gain the required weight. Conclusion Though all people with anorexia need treatment, pregnant mothers are the most vulnerable due to the risks posed by such nutritional deficiency on the mother and child. Nurses in the labor and delivery units need to be trained on the proper way of diagnosing and handling anorexia patients to reduce cases of infant mortality. A combination of medical attention and accommodating psychotherapy is the most efficient form of treatment in anorexia nervosa. References Abraham, S. (2008). Eating disorders. New York: Oxford University Press. Bothamley, J. Boyle, M. (2009). Medical conditions affecting pregnancy and childbirth. United Kingdom: Radcliffe Publishing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Anorexia Nervosa: Signs, Effects and Therapies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brown, J. Isaacs, J. (2008). Nutrition through the life cycle. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Price, S. (2007). Mental health in pregnancy and childbirth. USA: Elsevier Health Sciences. Ross, D., McMahon, K., Bernstein, M. (2013). Discovering nutrition. Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Publishers.

Organisation Theory and Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Organisation Theory and Behaviour - Essay Example Everything that a human being needs for his/her survival, health and safety is dependant, either directly or indirectly, on the natural environment.   The concept of sustainability is based on this simple principle. Sustainability helps in creating and maintaining the environment under which nature and human can subsist in productive accord that allows satisfying the social and economic needs of present and future generations2. As there has been growing interest in the concept of sustainability in recent years, the focus of organizations has also shifted towards this concept. There are three assumptions as to why managers would show interest in sustainability. The first being, that most of the businesses have interest in creating value in the long-standing. Managers are very much concerned about the repute of the organization. With people being more aware about how an organization might harm the environment and nature has resulted in mangers being responsible socially and economica lly3. Second of these is that if the conduct of organization is destructive and is harmful to the social and natural environment, it will ultimately pressurize the managers in shape of direct or indirect costs. Formal penalties might be imposed by the government or damaged relationship with important stakeholders such as; shareholders, employees and customers as consequences of careless and irresponsible social behaviour may result in loss of value. Thirdly, new mercantile opportunities for business can be created by pursuing sustainable growth. This would help in developing and marketing new services and goods that would undoubtedly increase profits and assist in achieving the objective of sustainability4. COMMENTS, CRITIC, EVALUATE AND APPLICATION As more emphasis is placed on sustainability the leaders of businesses, inclusive of multinational organizations as well as the singularly owned companies, face the unprecedented and unique challenge of planning organization culture that cater to achieve sustainability. The organization design and culture should be such that, that it serves to a broad range of stakeholders and ensures that business is sustainable within their physical, market, social, and financial realms. The corporate board of directors must be able to provide strategic directions and an oversight that stretches further than short-term financial performance and recognize social, environmental and governance responsibility of the organization and are essential to its performance in the long-term sustainability5. This requires organizations to be tactically positioned within the distinctive intersection of corporate citizenship, environmental stewardship, financial strength, and product/service excellence. A great amount of attention is required to the intricacies of the internal and external environments of the organization for designing it to achieve and uphold a strategic outlook deftly balanced within the nexus of sustainability. In order to ac hieve this balance, leaders must seek to build up an incorporated perceptive of organization culture, design and sustainability by: Organization’s background and the cultural mind-sets of its employees must be explored in order to design effective, high quality, and sustainable work environments; cultural factors must be considered and used to impede and facilitate sustainable organization des

Economic Theories and the Music Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic Theories and the Music Industry - Essay Example Musicians have made a living out of selling their music formats and thus the identification of the importance of the industry. However, of contemporary times, the sales of music formats have fallen continuously. It is the fear of many that there will lack and industry in this sector after some years and this can gain attribution to several economic theories. One of the standing economic theories in the identification of this is Market Anomaly. The key aspects of this theory are that there is inefficiency in the sales of a particular product in a given economic sector may depreciate and go against efficient market hypothesis (Fabozzi, 2011, 71). There are two main reasons that lead to market anomaly and they are ranges in two spectrums, the structural factors and the behavioral aspects. Focusing on the structural factors, one of the key components is unfair competition. The music industry is one that has undergone numerous changes over the years and thus the need to keep up with the c hanges. The changes have been caused by the development of Information Technology and thus the necessity to keep up with current trends in the creation of music formats. This necessity has led to different people in the various music sectors to develop a competition culture bases on the goal of most market sales. However, this unfair competition has led to their loss of customers rather than an increase and this is based from the fact that they focus more on the quantity of music produced to outdo each other rather than the quantity (Fabozzi, 2011, 125). The customers do not care about the quantity of music formats produced but rather on the quality. When customers find the quality not appealing to their needs, they decrease their focus on the particular music and spend the money in another manner. Unfair competition also comes up based on other entertainment industries rather than music. A major competitor in entertainment is the movies. The movie industry also started a long time ago and the amount of developments that the sector has witnessed over the past decade goes nothing short of overwhelming. Many movie directors have invented a lot of technology that has drawn more attention to entertainment fans. An example of this is the introduction of 3D films that give the viewer a livelier experience while watching a movie. Upon the introduction of the aspect, the music industry is in a fast search to develop a new concept in terms of music formats that will outdo the theatre developments (Robert, 2012, 153). This form of competition is healthy but of contemporary reports, it has led to various rivalries developing between music producers and movie directors and this has not had a positive impact on music formats. Another factor in the theory that affects the sale of music formats negatively is market transparency. In this case, not many people recognize the various genres of music formats that society is willing to offer due to less publicity made by the respo nsible promoters (Nilsson, 2010, 63). Less promotion by advertisement is one conflict that has hit markets in the 21st century and the credit for this goes to the high amount of inflation that the current global market is facing. The less the promotion made the more anonymous music formats are in society. This is one contribution to the poor music market figures in the 21st century. Moreover, regulatory actions for various music formats by authorities have led to a decrease in the number of sales over the past few years.

Rise of Civilization in Mesoamerica and Andean South America Essay

Rise of Civilization in Mesoamerica and Andean South America - Essay Example Monuments with hieroglyphic texts were constructed and ceremonial centers had outstanding artistic developments. The Post Classic period extended from A.D. 950 to 1521, local governments were divided into branches for different purposes and directed towards commercial activities. Great houses with many and large rooms were constructed serving purposes of royal ceremonies and host to long distance alliances, each of these buildings had a sophisticated level of art and craft impressions. Traders and craftsmen were involved in the competition for entry into exclusive exchange networks that they sought the rarest and most exotic materials for their gifts. Smelting of gold, silver and copper was introduced in Central and South America. As pointed out by Gonzales, Merchants and Artisans only made up a small percentage of the Mesoamerican population but had a great impact that led to an extensive trading network (17). The Andean region of South America is also significant in the rise of ear ly intricate societies. The Andean people had their own distinct cultures different from other people in the world. Before invasion of Peru by Spain in 1532, western South America was inhabited by different High Mountain and desert coastal societies. These people had unique artistic and technological achievements which is the reason behind the name Andean Civilization by modern observers. South American territories were controlled by the Inca and were spread over Ecuador, Chile, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina; they were all part of a state called Tawantinsuyu which means the ‘Realm of the Four Parts’. The Inca began as a tribe in 1200 B.C., after defeating neighboring Andean tribes founded the Inca Empire. It was the most powerful civilization in South America. An existing... The Andean region of South America is also significant in the rise of early intricate societies. The Andean people had their own distinct cultures different from other people in the world. Before the invasion of Peru by Spain in 1532, western South America was inhabited by different High Mountain and desert coastal societies. These people had unique artistic and technological achievements which are the reason behind the name Andean Civilization by modern observers. South American territories were controlled by the Inca and were spread over Ecuador, Chile, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina; they were all part of a state called Tawantinsuyu which means the ‘Realm of the Four Parts’. The Inca began as a tribe in 1200 B.C., after defeating neighboring Andean tribes founded the Inca Empire. It was the most powerful civilization in South America. An existing indication of the social unity of the Andean people is the Quechua language which is still used by millions of people from North Ecuador and North Argentina. The Incas were great warriors and shrewd rulers. They exchanged gifts with neighboring tribes, intermarried and formed political alliances. Their populations were large in numbers and their administrative and economic systems were established in all their regions. Inca civilization had reached great feats in architecture; they constructed buildings with fine cut stones eliminating the need for mortar. They melted gold and silver and were in fact very famous for their gold.

Explain and describe what a limiting factor is

Explain and describe what a limiting factor is Limiting factor is any factor that restricts a company or an organisations activities. In simple words, a limiting factor is the factor which is limited or not freely available to the company. Limiting factors in an organisation can be labour time, raw material, machine hours or space. For example, when sales demand excess the productivity capacity, the company do not have enough resources to produce the product, the scarce resource will be the factor that restricts the companys activities. The production constraints can be removing and additional resources can be acquired when the scarce resources are existed. Hence, the scarce resources should be identified to make sure the company has enough resources to produce their products as many as their wish. By using limiting factor, we can maximize the profit when obtained the greatest possible contribution to profit each time. Example1: A B C Contribution per unit of output RM 24 RM 20 RM 12 Machine hours required per unit of output 6 hours 2 hours 1 hours Estimated sales demand 3,000 units 3,000 units 3,000 units Required machine hours 18,000 hours 6,000 hours 3,000 hours The machine hour is limited to 18,000 hours for the period because of the breakdown of one machine. Consider Example 1. From the example 1, we know that the company required total 27,000 machine hours to produce the total sales demand of the product A, B and C that they estimated. However, the company only has 18,000 machine hours for the period because of the breakdown of one machine. In this situation, companys activities are limited in the available of machine hours. When we looking at the available information, we will think that the company should produce the product A first since the contribution per profit for product A is the highest but this assumption can be wrong. This is because produce a product A required 6 machine hours, whereas product B required 2 machine hours and product C required 1 machine hours only. The company can concentrates on producing 3,000 units of product B and C respectively and still have machine hours left to produce product A. In other words, if the company only concentrates on produce the product A, there will no machine hours left to the company to produce B and C. In order to maximize the companys profit, we should use limiting factor to calculate the greatest possible contribution per profit for each product and rank profitability of the product to obtain the optimum production plan. (b) Explain the techniques that have been developed to assist in business decision- making when single or multiple limiting factors are encountered (16 marks) Single limiting factor- Limiting factor analysis When single limiting factor are encountered, we have to use limiting factor analysis to help companies to identify the scarce resources and maximize profit by using the best combination of available resource. In limiting factor analysis, we should identify the bottleneck resources first. Secondly, we should calculate the contribution per unit for each product. Next, we should calculate the contribution per unit of the bottleneck resource for each product. After we get the contribution per unit of bottleneck resource, we can rank the products of the contribution per unit of bottleneck resource. Finally, we can allocate the resources from the highest contribution per profit to the lowest contribution per profit by the ranking. By doing so, we can obtained the greatest possible profit when resources are limited by single limiting factor. Example 2: X Y Machine hours per units 3 hours 4 hours Sales demand 2,000 units 3000 units RM RM Selling price 32 50 Less : Direct Material 10 20 Direct Labour 5 8 Variable Overhead 5 8 20 36 Contribution 12 14 The supply of materials for the period is unlimited, but the machine hours are limited to 15,000 hours. In order to maximize the profit, we should using limiting factor analysis to solve the problem when there is only one limiting factor. Step 1: Identify the bottleneck resource. At sales demand level: Sales demand Machine hours per unit Total machine hours X 2,000 units 3 hours 6,000 hours Y 3,000 units 4 hours 12,000 hours 18,000 hours Thus, machine hours are the limiting factor. Step 2: Calculate the contribution per unit for each product. The contribution has been given at the above. X Y Contribution per unit RM 12 RM 14 Step 3: Calculate the contribution per unit of the bottleneck resource for each product. To calculate the contribution per unit of the bottleneck resource for each product, the formulae is: Contribution per units of the machine hours = Contribution Machine hours Product X = RM 12 3 hours = RM 4.00 Product Y = RM 14 4 hours = RM 3.50 Step 4: Rank the products from the highest contribution per machine hour to lowest contribution per machine hour. Production should be concentrated on product X first, up to maximum sales available, then product Y. Step 5: Finally, allocate the available resources using that ranking that we decided at step 4 and calculate the maximum contribution. Production plan Units produced Machine hours per unit Total machine hours Balance of machine hours 15,000 hours Product X 2,000 units 3 hours 6,000 hours 9,000 hours Product Y 2,250 units 4 hours 9,000 hours So, the maximum contribution is as follow: RM Product X ( 2,000 units x RM 12) 24,000 Product Y (2,250 units x RM 14) 31,500 55,500 Multiple limiting factors- Linear programming We can use limiting factor analysis when there is one limiting factor. However, when there is more than one of scare resources which restricts organisations activities, we can use linear programming to solve the problem. Firstly, we must defined the variances when we using linear programming. After this, we can define and formulate the objective. Thirdly, we can formulate the constraints to formulating the problem. Next, we must draw a graph to identify the feasible region and we can get the optimum production plan from the graph. Finally, we can solve the problem and get the maximum contribution by doing so. Example 3: A B Contribution per unit RM 20 RM 10 Machine hours per unit 6 hours 3 hours Kilos per unit 4 kilos 8 kilos Maximum available : Machine hours = 18,000 hours Kilos = 24,000 kilos What should be the production plan? To answer the example 3, we should use linear programming to get the optimum production plan because there is two or more of scarce resources. Step 1: Define the variances Let x = the number of units of the product A. y = the number of units of the product B. Step 2: Define and formulate the objective function. The objective is to maximize the contribution C, given by: Maximum contribution = 20 x + 10 y Step 3: formulate the constraints. The limitations here are machine hours and kilos. For the machine hours, product A required 6 hours and product B required 3 hours machine hours. So, total machine hours required = 6 x + 3 y For the kilos, product A required 4 kilos and product B required 8 kilos. So, total kilos required = 4 x + 8 y Constraints Utilised Available Machine hours 6 x + 3 y Ë‚ 18,000 Kilos 4 x + 8 y Ë‚ 24,000 Step 4: Draw a graph and identify a feasible region. For the equation 6 x + 3 y = 18,000 machine hours When x = 0, y = 18,000/ 3 = 6,000 When y = 0, x = 18,000/ 6 = 3,000 Draw a straight line between the point (0, 6000) and (3000, 0) on the graph to represent the line for machine hours constraint. For the equation 4 x + 8 y = 24,000 kilos When x = 0, y = 24,000/ 8 = 3,000 When y = 0, x = 24,000/ 4 = 6,000 Draw a straight line between the point (0, 3000) and (6000, 0) on the graph to represent the line for kilos constraint. The constraints can be show as below: The original constraints were Step 5: Determine the optimal solution Calculate the contribution earned at each point P, Q and R Point P = RM 20 (0) + RM 10 (3,000) = RM 30,000 Point Q = RM 20 (2,000) + RM10 (2,000) = RM 60,000 Point R = RM 20 (1,500) + RM10 (0) = RM 30,000 Point Q gives the maximum contribution. Step 6: Answer the question The optimal point is at x = 2,000 and y = 2,000. This gives a maximum contribution of C = (20 x 2,000) + (10 x 2,000) = RM60, 000 (c) Explain the management idea known as throughput accounting. State and justify your opinion on whether or not throughput accounting and limiting factors are the same thing. (18 marks) To reduce companys cost and improves the profitability, every companys managers are using cost accounting to help them on decision-making. Theory of constraints (TOC) or Throughput accounting (TA) is another method for decision making others than Standard Based Costing, Activity Based Costing and Marginal Costing. TOC/TA is new management accounting approach based on factors identification when constraints are restricts companies to achieving their goals and hence reduces companys profits. Throughput accounting is used when there are only few constraints, normally just one. The constraint can be a resource, company policy or management mindset. According to Goldratts ideas, TOC is forecasting on a limit capacity at certain critical points in any production plan. TOC can maximise organisations profit by increases the speed of producing through an organisation to eliminating bottlenecks. Additionally, throughput accounting is not costing because it does not allocate all expenses (variable and fixed expenses, including overheads) to the products and services. Thus, throughput accounting helps managers to get better management decision in order to improve organisations profits by three measurements. They are: Throughput (T) is the rate that company produces goal units. When the goal units are money, throughput is net sales (S) less total variable costs (TVC), usually is cost of raw materials ( T = S TVC ). However, T exists when there is only one product or service sold. Besides, finished goods of inventory in a warehouse are not count because it has not yet sold. Operating expenses (OE) is all others expenses except the total variables cost that used to calculate the throughput. Basically, OE is total cost to operating the production system. Fixed or partially fixed costs no difference in throughput accounting. On the contrary, there only have either total variable cost or operating expenses in throughput accounting. Examples for OE include maintenance, utilities, rental, etc. Investment (I) is total amount of money that invest in a new system to enhance its ability to improve the capacity, for examples machinery, inventory, building, and other assets and liabilities. Therefore, throughput accounting use difference formulas to make difference types of accounting decisions by combined the throughput, total variable costs and operating expenses: Net profit  (NP) = Throughput Operating Expense = T-OE Return on investment  (ROI) = Net profit / Investment = NP/I Productivity  (P) = Throughput / Operating expense = T/OE Investment turns  (IT) = Throughput / Investment = T/I We can use the above formulas when making a decision that related to changes in revenue, expenses or investments to get the right decision, which must generate a positive answer from one out of three questions below: Does it increase throughput? Does it reduce operating expense? Does it improve the return on investment? Finally, there are five steps in the TOC to help managers maximize the throughput which causes them to achieve organisations goals. The five steps are as follows: Identify the system constraints. There is an internal constraint? For example, in production, engineering or planning. There is an external constraint? For example, in the market. The constraints a resource or a policy? Decide how to maximise the output from the constraint. Prepare all other activities subject to this decision. While Non-constraints need to be subject to constraints. Consider the appropriate level of resources once the resource constraint has been identified. Therefore, the capacity constraints can be improved. Enhance the systems constraints. Once the constraint has been corrected, return to Step 1 to determine the next most serious constraints and duplication. In my opinion, throughput accounting and limiting factor is not the same thing but there are similarities and differences in between throughput accounting and limiting factor. For example, throughput accounting and limiting factor are using to assist companies to identify bottleneck resources instead to maximize companies profits. However, throughput accounting is used when there are very few constraints; often just one but limiting factor is used when there are one or more than one constraints. Besides, limiting factor is focus on working to obtain greatest contributions while throughput accounting is focus on the premise that the limited capacity in some critical point of any production plan. In addition, limiting factor maximise the organisations profit by using the best combination of available resources but throughput accounting is maximise the profit by increase the producing speed through organisation to eliminate bottlenecks. Throughput accounting calculates the products throughput as the selling price minus all variable costs. Variable costs or in another words cost of materials in throughout accounting included direct material costs only, labour and overhead costs are fixed and categories to total factory costs. In contrast, limiting factor calculated by sales price minus variable costs to get the contribution but variable costs in limiting factor are including the labour and overhead costs, this is difference from throughput accounting.

The Way We Were :: American America History

The Way We Were As you listen to the news, radio, or read a newspaper, you notice one thing in common after the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City--unity. New Yorkers have known to be "hard-ass'" and the rudest people you'll ever meet. Self-indulged in their own world, they knocked people down who stood between them and the next step ahead of them. We, as Americans, felt the effect of the destruction all over the nation, although it didn't happen in our hometown. Most people either knew someone, or knew someone who knew of someone that worked in the WTC building or were on those flights. Not until our safety was raped from us did we stop to unite, as a country, to help those in need. America is known as "the land of opportunities." Therefore, we are taught that to obtain our cultural goals, we must try to achieve them by almost any means necessary. America was a very self-absorbed country. For instance, look at the 80's, that era named "the era of greed." We're a very wealthy country; with wealth comes greed. We like to keep money in our pockets at all times--meaning we always want to have money. Everywhere you look now, there it is, the American flag: our symbol of pride. "One nation, under God with liberty and justice for all." We have become united as a nation. The American Red Cross has raised millions of dollars with the help of normal, everyday citizens. Celebrities have joined together and held telethons to raise millions of dollars also. The American flag has been in such high demands all over the country that they're almost impossible to find in stores. From car washes to simple donation buckets in supermarkets, everywhere you go people are contributing. Before the 9/11 attacks, one would never have doubts about who's on the same flight as you, or feeling compelled to wash your hands after touching the mail. We took for granted what most people don't have--freedom. The freedom to walk down the street without the fear of seeing a terrorist act and living without the fears of being on a national heighted security alert for more terrorist attacks. Hell, we're "the land of the free," or perhaps we took for granted that we really were. Because of these attacks, many people are having second thought about doing many everyday things.

Natural Brown Rice

Brown rice is the least processed form of rice where only the outer hull has been removed. After removal of the hull, its quality deteriorates rapidly causing significant decrease in shelf life. The most critical determinant in achieving rice quality is the degree of milling. This requires evaluation of quality according to suitability of specific end use based on a set of criteria described below as standard product specifications for wholesomeness. Grain quality and yield largely determine market price and consumer acceptance.If consumers do not like the flavor, texture, taste, aroma, appearance of the rice then all other attributes are worthless too. The genetic makeup of the grain, handling, and storage are the major factors influencing quality. Brown rice is the most nutritious food that can be found. It is the best substitute for potatoes in meals. Long grain has higher nutritional value and lower in calories than short grain. The length of the grain determines texture and cons istency. When cooked it produces firm, fluffy grains that separates easily.The oil in the bran remains intact making it more likely to become rancid. It is advisable to keep it in an airtight container and consume within six (6) months from purchased. Brown rice standard product specifications Product name: 100% organic long grain Brown rice Pricing unit: kg, lb, ounce Type: organic, long grain Standard/grade: USDA 1-6, percentage broken grains is

Perverted Patriotism essays

Perverted Patriotism essays Describe how patriotism is perverted in After the First Death. Of all ennobling sentiments, patriotism is probably the most easily manipulated. It can give a powerful expression to the best of a nations character: commitment to principle, strength and devotion. Patriotism can be great, but when taken too far innocence becomes evil. Patriotism can be described as the devotion to the welfare of ones country. In the novel After the First Death by Robert Cormier patriotism is perverted and used as an excuse by both opposing sides: the terrorists (Miro, Artkin, Antibbe, Stroll and Sedeete) and the secret organisation, Inner Delta. The terrorists justify their ruthless acts by excusing themselves as freedom fighters for their country. The head of Inner Delta, General Marchand or assumed identity General Rufus L Briggs takes patriotism to such extremes that he willingly sacrifices his son in order to defeat the terrorists. Thus, it can be said both sides value patriotism over life itself. Inner Delta is a secret government military organisation, which controls and maintains security for the benefit of the American citizens. It is not fully specified what the agency does, but it can be gathered that it is a type of intelligence organisation similar to the Australian equivalent ASIO. The head of this organisation, General Marchand takes patriotism to his heart. He believes the only thing worth living for is ones country. General Marchand perverts patriotism in After the First Death due to past events that have had a deep impact on him and affected him greatly. His patriotic ways came from the death of a close friend during WWII. Caught up in the fever of patriotism Mark Marchand joined the army along with his friend Jack Harkness towards the end of 1941. Jack died in battle while fighting overseas with Marchand. Mark vowed over his friends grave that he had not died in vain. This ...

Definition and Examples of Primary Verbs in English

Definition and Examples of Primary Verbs in English The primary verbs in English grammar are the verbs be, have, and do- all three of which can function as either main verbs or auxiliary verbs. Primary verbs are sometimes referred to as ​primary auxiliaries. The Different Functions of Primary Verbs To BeMargaret is a brilliant student. (lexical verb)Margaret is applying to Yale. (auxiliary verb)To HaveFrank has a good job. (lexical verb)Frank has just returned from a business trip. (auxiliary verb)To DoNana does the crossword puzzle in the Sunday paper. (lexical verb)Nana doesnt go out much anymore. (auxiliary verb) Primary Verbs as Auxiliaries In one of their uses, the primary verbs precede a main, lexical verb. When used in this way, they may be said to be functioning as auxiliary verbs within the clause. This is illustrated in (17): (17a) He is speaking to her now.(17b) I have visited my grandmother every Christmas since I was a child.(17c) You didnt eat your lunch.In simple terms, auxiliary verbs are additional verbs (or helping verbs, as EFL teachers often say). In Modern English, primary be is used as an auxiliary in either the progressive construction, illustrated in (17a), or in the passive construction, illustrated in (18):(18) She was spoken to yesterday.When used as an auxiliary, have appears in perfect constructions, as shown in (19):(19a) He has spoken to her.(19b) He had spoken to her yesterday.When used as an auxiliary, do appears in negative and interrogative constructions:(20a) I didnt speak to her yesterday.(20b) Did you speak to her yesterday? Notice that it is the job of the primary verb to carry the tense inflection for the entire verb phrase (VP), while the main verb conveys the semantic content. Primary Verbs and Modal Verbs Primary and modal verbs do not follow the same grammatical rules. In particular: Primaries have -s forms; modals do not:is has, doesPrimaries have nonfinite forms; modals do not:to be, being, been(David Crystal, Rediscover Grammar, 3rd ed. Pearson Longman, 2003)​ Be as Auxiliary of the Progressive and of the Passive [I]n a sense we can answer the question of how many primary auxiliaries there are with either four or three; the verb be does double duty as the auxiliary of the progressive and the auxiliary of the passive. Since these are quite different functions, and since it is quite easy to distinguish them, it is best to view them as two different primary auxiliaries which have the same form. It is easy to distinguish the two uses. First of all, the progressive be and the passive be are followed by different forms of the verb, ing form (be eating) and part (be eaten), respectively. Second, passive sentences have some particular characteristics: for instance, in a passive sentence you can usually have a by phrase (be eaten by a shark).Functions of DoWe often use the verb do as a stand-in auxiliary, much in the same way as we use primary and modal auxiliaries. Like primary verbs, it can function as an auxiliary or as a principal verb because it has a full verb inflectional paradigm.Do as an auxi liary verb:This! Why, father, what do you mean? This is home! [Porter]Does everybody at the academy dress like that? [Gogol] Do as a lexical verb:But that the most acceptable service of God is doing good to man. [Franklin]Sane people did what their neighbors did so that if any lunatics were at large, one might know and avoid them. [Eliot]The thick iron ferrule is worn down, so it is evident that he has done a great amount of walking with it. [Doyle] Because of the flexibility of this verb (it is also used to form questions, negatives, and for emphasis), it is important to pay close attention to how it is used. When it is used as an auxiliary, like the primary and modal verbs, it will occupy the initial position in the verb phrase, and there will always be a non-finite lexical verb to follow. When it is used as a lexical verb, it may be preceded by an auxiliary verb or simply stand alone. Sources Martin J.  Endley,  Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar: A Guide for EFL Teachers. Information Age Publishing, 2010 Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge,  Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010 Bernard ODwyer,  Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position. Broadview Press, 2000

BatmanThe Dark Kninght Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BatmanThe Dark Kninght - Article Example It carves a work of twisted beauty from it. Along with the film, â€Å"the dark knight† came a soundtrack, which was equally dark, violent, tortured, and relentless. The purists of the film music may find this soundtrack to be a bit offbeat to match their tastes. Certainly, they would not be wrong. The fact about the dark knight soundtrack is it represents a highly stylized approach in the creation of a film score. The music of Batman in the movie is iconic. While the music at the beginning of the movie is impressive, it actually does not give a comparison to what the duo have concocted when it comes to their second foray into the underbelly of the Gotham city, which is dark. Within the films context, the music assists in creating an unnerving sense of panic, chaos, dread, and fear. Zimmer and Howard help in creating a clashing dissonance for the joker that unnerves the listener. The Salvo used in the opening â€Å"why so serious?† is one among those tracks, which are used to create a disturbing feeling in persons bones. The soundtrack utilizes strings in a dissonant way to throw the listener off balance. It further creates a sense of malice and disconnect through the shift of rhythm, which jar them violently. The only sound an individual can hear when the soundtracks come to a quasi-silence is the recreation of the heartbeat palpitating. This palpitation of the heart serves to magnify the sheer horror and terror in the movie. This track in the film is a reminiscent of some of the Philip Glass’s composition in several ways, although it is progressive in nature. In conclusion, this music is the most jarring and daring composition ever to be used in filming. It is quite impossible to follow twisted things such as â€Å"why so serious?† but Howard and Zimmer have been able to manage and keep the wonderful thematic in progress. They have been able to roll over some of the nuances in the first track into the much more classically natured

Analyse the organisational behaviour issues that contributed to the Assignment

Analyse the organisational behaviour issues that contributed to the leadership challenges at HP - Assignment Example HP began humbly at the back of its entrepreneur’s garage. Engineers David Packard and Bill Hewlett established an unconventional company in the 1950s. They wanted to build a business environment in which members were free to express their ideas and make contributions; they thus created a flat structure. Many individuals in Silicon Valley praised the organisation for its revolutionary ways. During the mid 1990s, employees had a profound respect for the institution. They carried on with their jobs despite the tumultuous environment that pervaded the IT industry. Several individuals felt loyal to the organisation even though the company had to subject them to pay cuts. Members trusted the company’s leaders as strong levels of communication existed in the organisation. These trends altered dramatically when the company decided to hire an external executive for the first time in the late 1990s. The move was initiated by the departing CEO who felt that HP had become complacen t. Some of its competitors in Silicon Valley were exemplars of innovation and growth. It was assumed that an external leader would inject the much-needed fresh insight into the company. However, such a move proved to be ill-conceived because it was the beginning of several tumultuous events in the organisation. At the beginning, CEO Fiorina seemed like a forward-thinker. She initiated various restructures within HP and even lobbied for the acquisition of a competitor - Compaq. The latter move would prove to be her downfall as it failed to yield the expected outcomes. Shortly after a period of disappointing results, Fiorina resigned and made room for Mark Hurd. He was a transformative leader who engaged with his employees. He also supervised a massive layoff and delayered the firm structures. However, he was involved in a personal scandal that led to his elimination. His replacement, Leo Apotheker, was a pale comparison to Hurd. He failed to improve stock performance and even discont inued winning strategies. The final straw fell when he bought a business analytics company called Autonomy. Stock prices decreased tumultuously thereby signalling his elimination. These leadership challenges were also amalgamated by disputes in the board. The paper will examine organisational behaviour issues that led to the firm’s woes. Analysis of the situation Leadership The situational leadership theory assumes that different situations require different leadership traits. Therefore advocates of the school of thought believe that no profile of leadership is perfect for all situations (Hope and Hendry, 1995). Instead, utmost attention should be given to the variables within a certain situation and the right approach selected for them. These variables include the nature of work tasks, peer expectations, other leaders’ expectations, the culture and climate of the organisation, and followers’ responses. In some instances, a leader may need to be a risk taker whi le in some scenarios; the person may have to exhibit nurturing traits (Buchanan and Boddy, 1992). Sometimes it may be preferable to be charismatic while in some situations it would be best to focus on results. Hewlett Packard may have benefited from applications of situational approaches to leadership during the three tenures under analysis. CEO Carl Fiorina appeared to apply the same leadership traits in divergent situations and this could have explained her dissatisfactory performance. She was highly transformative; as soon as she