Babies Killing Babies :: essays research papers

BABIES KILLING BABIESNational Institute of Mental Health Thinking About Violence in Our Schools bit of The Surgeon General Youth Violence Two teenagers entered a high school in Colorado and opened fire on their classmates. The young gunmen closure their lives, but not before taking the lives of fifteen students, and injuring twenty, finalizing the tragedy. In recent years we nourish experienced a rampage of force play in our schools. Researchers have yet to pinpoint the answer to this plague of violent disorders. The National Institute of Mental Health, and The Office of the Surgeon General have focused their research to the areas of constitutes of delirium development, prevention and intervention, and methods of identifying the near effective treatments.Studies by the Office of the Surgeon General have concluded that there are 2 paths for the materialization of youth violence. iodine is identified at an early age of puberty, the other in the adolescent stage. The research s hows that if there is violence demonstrated in the early childhood stage of a child, the degree of violence in the child rises, as the child grows older, concluding in severe violent behavior. The group that is said to be in the early-onset group, or before puberty, is said to have a greater and more serious number of violence incidents during the adolescent years. This also leads to a determining gene for violent behavior during their adulthood, (see research by Stattin and Magnusson, 1996 and Tolan and Gorman-Smith, 1998). Research has shown that violence offenses committed by young men, between the ages of sixteen or seventeen, can be traced fend for to their puberty stage (DUnger et al., 1998 Elliot et al., 1996 Huzinga et al., 1995 Nagin and Tremblay, 1999 Patterson and Yoerger, 1997 Stattin and Magnusson, 1996). This is proof that the majority of offenders began their violent behavior during the younger years. However, the study also shows that those who began in the puberty stage did not commit the most serious and persistent acts of violence moreover, by those whos violent behavior began during adolescence. The study also concludes that there is very little support to the claims that youth violence can be easily identified at an early age. We can see an example of this in the violent shootings that took place in Jonesboro, Arkansas where two boys, ages eleven and thirteen years old, opened fire during a false fire alarm, killing four girls and one teacher.

Recommendation to Invest in the Animation Industry Essay example -- fi

IntroductionAfter thorough research in the brio industry, it is strongly recommended that the corporation, World-Wide enthronisation Inc., should invest. Over the years, businesses in the livelihood industry have come to be known as companies that create feature films, television shows, software, comics, and more for consumers all across the globe. It is a rapidly expanding industry in todays economy, supplying a worldwide audience with both entertainment and careers. Computer Generated Images (CGI) plays a headsman role in movies, including popular films that generate millions of dollars such as the Toy Story series. In contrast, the majority of directors continue to use actors and actresses to play characters, but redden then, they may have green screens to create a setting. This proves that animation has still not disappeared. Through business fundamentals, international business, and marketing, it is clear just how positive the animation industrys future is shaping up to be and why it is a worthwhile investment.Business FundamentalsThe animation industry satisfies consumer needs and wants, because it provides doubt pictures that the consumers want to watch like animated feature films, and television shows, and products that the consumers classify they need for survival such as t-shirts. Furthermore, the feedback that the product produces encourages the business in the animation industry to maintain the supply the consumers are obtaining, or even improve it so that there are more potential customers. As a result, they regain selecting, producing, and distributing products that they need or want. Therefore, by investing in this industry, it will expand the market, consequently making World-Wide Investment Inc. h... ....exportcanada.com. 6.German Language Facts. English to French, German, Latvian, Russian & Spanish Translation Dictionary - Words and Phrases with Audio - LanguageHelpers.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. .7.Germany - Language, Cul ture, Customs and Business Etiquette global-etiquette resources. The Translation Agency for a complete Professional Translation Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. . 8. touristry in Germany travel, breaks, holidays. Tourism in Germany travel, breaks, holidays. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. . 9.Wilson, Jack, David Notman, and Lorie Guest. The World of Business. 5th ed. Scarborough, Ont. Nelson Thomson Learning, 2007. Print.

the cathedral :: essays research papers

At a glance Carvers writing style of the Cathedral seems impartial but after further interpretation of the story one realizes that the Cathedral is more or less the interactions and epiphanies that regular throng have that changes their entire life. This idea is perfectly be at the end of the Cathedral, throughout the story the husband knew nothing about blur people and wondered how can they live their life without being able to see. He continually made references to the effect of how can he be married and not be able to see his wife, if she had makeup purple shirk and so on he would never know. At the end of the story the husband became closer to the blind man through the drawing exercise and when he asked him to close his eyes so the husband was able to see things as the blind man saw them he realized that being blind wasnt that bad it was just a different type of life style. Because Carver writes about simple commonplace situations this makes the story more affective to th e average person. Topics such as loss and drug and alcohol use are things that almost everyone can relate to because it affects almost everyones life in one aspect or another. Because this is the concentration of Carvers story it allows more people enjoy and relate to the stories this also leaves the story for more personal interpretation. Each person has their own thoughts about drugs, alcohol and loss and because of these feeling the interpretation of the story is left up to the reader. The husband was amazed at the blind mans ability to smoke a faggot and eat food as well as he was able to. These are all commonplace objects and task that many people would believe that the blind would have trouble with, but this stereotype was quickly done away with once they began to eat and smoke.Carver is defiantly an optimist, he believes in the ability for people to change and be more acceptable of people that are different, and disabled.

King Solomon Essays -- essays research papers

There are many famous individuals through the history who made great impact on our lives. We rotter go on and on to list them all told but for my topic I would like to choose one of the wisest person who ever lived is king Solomon. During his sequence the Israel kingdom achieved a lot of success in trading, expansion and fair judgment. Also Solomon regarded as an author of high skill and remarkable output. The writings that thrust been attributed to him are the biblical Proverbs, the Song of Solomon, Ecclesiastes, the Wisdom of Solomon, and the later sing of Solomon. The book of Proverbs expresses the conclusion of the will of man. Together, the books of Psalms, Proverbs and Ecclesiastes give us the understanding of the soul of man. In Psalms you draw the emotional nature, which is one part of the soul function. Ecclesiastes deals with the function of the mind, the search of man reason throughout the earth, analyzing, evaluating, weighing and concluding. But in the book of Pro verbs we have the appeal to the will of man and the conclusion of the will. Therefore, this book is all about the things man should decide, the choices of life. This is beautifully set before us in the introduction to the book.We all know that education is not only the key for our success and good life but also expansion of knowledge and information. To know wisdom and instruction, to deal the saying of understanding, to receive instruction in wise behavior, righteousness, justice and equity to the youth kn...

A Womans Role on a Patriarchal Family Farm Essays -- literary Analysi

As the title suggests, Ive hit a few notable markers in my research. Some of them would definitely be called bumps in the literary road as far as this paper goes, save I feel that a broader moot of what Ive experienced and found has created something original. Let me explain.I started this idea with a simple goal in mind. I wanted to make A meter estate of the realm lasting class. I simply wanted to show how it was on the job(p) class, but more than importantly why, it fit in that category. What that has evolved into, however, is not so simple. Jane Smileys novel encompasses a huge array of ideas and could fit in an wet number of categories. Drama, tragedy, pastoral, family, business and several other one word titles would just as effectively classify this novel as does working class, so I had to look elsewhere. I had close to a dozen sources from JSTOR to Google Scholar saved on my flash drive, and I read them all. Only in about 2 of them were the terms working clas s even alluded to, and I got a little worried. I had plenty of conviction to change my topic, but I found a few points of interest. Working class, as it stands in my mind, has the metaphoric resemblingness of Play-Dough and I would like to be the person to look at A Thousand Acres as the working class text that I believe it is, and mold and ashes a wholly original idea using feminism, education and prosperity (or the lack thereof) as the backbone.Conveniently enough, three texts in particular struck me as particularly useful. Each one is very varied from the other in its own right, but each text also solidified Jane Smileys work as something useful to my project. Just when I thought Id move on to something easier and over done (like Steinbeck), these articles renewed my in... ...another crisis that may be insoluble (590). This crisis is the akin problem in some respects that Hall and Leslie note, the same problem that I started my paper with, and the crisis is discontent within families, especially among females, within a quintessentially patriarchal institution (590).These three articles are so very different, but share similar ideas underneath their main ideas in several areas, and on different levels. The main ideas are important, but the underlying connections are what go tme unhinged about what I was doing. The literature is new, the scholarly community is small, and working with this is challenging, but I think it will be rewarding. With the help of these articles (and a couple more that could prove useful) I hope to find what Im looking for and be able to produce a product that is at the same time original and insightful. A Womans Role on a Patriarchal Family Farm Essays -- literary AnalysiAs the title suggests, Ive hit a few notable markers in my research. Some of them would definitely be called bumps in the literary road as far as this paper goes, but I feel that a broader view of what Ive experienced and found has cre ated something original. Let me explain.I started this idea with a simple goal in mind. I wanted to make A Thousand Acres working class. I simply wanted to show how it was working class, but more importantly why, it fit in that category. What that has evolved into, however, is not so simple. Jane Smileys novel encompasses a huge array of ideas and could fit in an absurd number of categories. Drama, tragedy, pastoral, family, business and several other one word titles would just as effectively classify this novel as does working class, so I had to look elsewhere. I had close to a dozen sources from JSTOR to Google Scholar saved on my flash drive, and I read them all. Only in about 2 of them were the terms working class even alluded to, and I got a little worried. I had plenty of time to change my topic, but I found a few points of interest. Working class, as it stands in my mind, has the metaphoric likeness of Play-Dough and I would like to be the person to look at A Thousa nd Acres as the working class text that I believe it is, and mold and form a wholly original idea using feminism, education and prosperity (or the lack thereof) as the backbone.Conveniently enough, three texts in particular struck me as particularly useful. Each one is very different from the other in its own right, but each text also solidified Jane Smileys work as something useful to my project. Just when I thought Id move on to something easier and over done (like Steinbeck), these articles renewed my in... ...another crisis that may be insoluble (590). This crisis is the same problem in some respects that Hall and Leslie note, the same problem that I started my paper with, and the crisis is discontent within families, especially among females, within a quintessentially patriarchal institution (590).These three articles are so very different, but share similar ideas underneath their main ideas in several areas, and on different levels. The main ideas are important, but the u nderlying connections are what go tme excited about what I was doing. The literature is new, the scholarly community is small, and working with this is challenging, but I think it will be rewarding. With the help of these articles (and a couple more that could prove useful) I hope to find what Im looking for and be able to produce a product that is at the same time original and insightful.

A Womans Role on a Patriarchal Family Farm Essays -- literary Analysi

As the title suggests, Ive hit a few famed markers in my research. Some of them would definitely be called bumps in the literary track as far as this paper goes, exactly I feel that a broader view of what Ive experienced and pitch has created something original. Let me explain.I started this cerebration with a simple goal in mind. I wanted to make A gramme Acres working class. I simply wanted to expose how it was working class, but more importantly why, it fit in that category. What that has evolved into, however, is not so simple. Jane Smileys novel encompasses a huge array of ideas and could fit in an absurd number of categories. Drama, tragedy, pastoral, family, business and several other(a) one word titles would sound as effectively classify this novel as does working class, so I had to look elsewhere. I had close to a dozen sources from JSTOR to Google Scholar salve on my flash drive, and I read them all. Only in nigh 2 of them were the terms working class ev en alluded to, and I got a poor worried. I had plenty of time to change my topic, but I found a few points of interest. Working class, as it stands in my mind, has the metaphoric likeness of Play-Dough and I would like to be the person to look at A Thousand Acres as the working class text that I believe it is, and pose and form a wholly original idea using feminism, culture and prosperity (or the lack thereof) as the backbone.Conveniently enough, three texts in particular infatuated me as particularly useful. Each one is actually different from the other in its own right, but each text also solidified Jane Smileys work as something useful to my project. Just when I thought Id move on to something easier and over done (like Steinbeck), these articles renewed my in... ...another crisis that may be insoluble (590). This crisis is the equal problem in some respects that hallway and Leslie note, the same problem that I started my paper with, and the crisis is discontent ind oors families, especially among females, within a quintessentially patriarchal institution (590).These three articles are so very different, but share similar ideas underneath their main ideas in several areas, and on different levels. The main ideas are important, but the underlying connections are what go tme excited about what I was doing. The literature is new, the scholarly community is small, and working with this is challenging, but I think it will be rewarding. With the help of these articles (and a partner off more that could prove useful) I hope to find what Im aspect for and be able to produce a product that is at the same time original and insightful. A Womans Role on a Patriarchal Family evoke Essays -- literary AnalysiAs the title suggests, Ive hit a few notable markers in my research. Some of them would definitely be called bumps in the literary road as far as this paper goes, but I feel that a broader view of what Ive experienced and found has created something original. Let me explain.I started this idea with a simple goal in mind. I wanted to make A Thousand Acres working class. I simply wanted to show how it was working class, but more importantly why, it fit in that category. What that has evolved into, however, is not so simple. Jane Smileys novel encompasses a huge array of ideas and could fit in an absurd number of categories. Drama, tragedy, pastoral, family, business and several other one word titles would just as effectively classify this novel as does working class, so I had to look elsewhere. I had close to a dozen sources from JSTOR to Google Scholar saved on my flash drive, and I read them all. Only in about 2 of them were the terms working class even alluded to, and I got a little worried. I had plenty of time to change my topic, but I found a few points of interest. Working class, as it stands in my mind, has the metaphoric likeness of Play-Dough and I would like to be the person to look at A Tho usand Acres as the working class text that I believe it is, and mold and form a wholly original idea using feminism, education and prosperity (or the lack thereof) as the backbone.Conveniently enough, three texts in particular struck me as particularly useful. Each one is very different from the other in its own right, but each text also solidified Jane Smileys work as something useful to my project. Just when I thought Id move on to something easier and over done (like Steinbeck), these articles renewed my in... ...another crisis that may be insoluble (590). This crisis is the same problem in some respects that Hall and Leslie note, the same problem that I started my paper with, and the crisis is discontent within families, especially among females, within a quintessentially patriarchal institution (590).These three articles are so very different, but share similar ideas underneath their main ideas in several areas, and on different levels. The main ideas are important, but th e underlying connections are what go tme excited about what I was doing. The literature is new, the scholarly community is small, and working with this is challenging, but I think it will be rewarding. With the help of these articles (and a couple more that could prove useful) I hope to find what Im looking for and be able to produce a product that is at the same time original and insightful.

Punctuality and Time Essay

Advantages If we be punctual, we can finish up our work at right time. Punctuality checks unnecessary wastage of time. Time is very of import for us. We can save it only by punctuality. Time and tide wait for none. Seconds, minutes, hours and days pass by in right order. There is a dictum We should hold the time by the forelock. If we be punctual, a single second of us entrust never go waste. The English men argon very punctual.They put on wrist-watches to exercise punctuality. But we, the Indian put on wrist-watches only as ornaments for show. We cannot progress. If we do not be punctual. Punctuality helps us in our progress. It also saves money in other ways. There is a saying. A stitch in time saves nine. So, if we take our food punctually, we will never be sick and so we will never have to spend money on medicines and doctors or to worry our near and dear ones in this connection.And this principle applies well in all other cases. Conclusion Everybody should be punctual in his everyday life. Every students should make a habit of punctuality. The multitude who have become great in their lives are very punctual. Punctuality is the first condition for becoming great in life. So, punctuality should be the dictum in our life. We should not only be punctual ourselves but also advise others to be punctual. Related Articles.

Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Essay

quantitative look into is a formal, objective, systematic investigate which bases on precise figures. While conducting such kind of search, an investigator squirrel aways and analyzes data and statistics. The main purposes of applying quantitative method of research are description of variables examination of relationship among variables determination of cause-and-effect interactions between variables (Burns & Grove,2005).Qualitative research in contrast to quantitative, is a kind of research which mainly concentrates on observations, questionnaires, reports and other ways of subjective investigations. The key features of soft research are sharpen on meanings, perspectives and understandings emphasis on process inductive analysis, and grounded theory (Woods, 2006). The basic differences between quantitative and qualitative research lie in methods and instruments they apply, types of data they collect and generate, in their main perspectives.The instruments used in quantitati ve research are strict about extracting information and dividing it into categories. Quantitative methods are highly structured and involve various surveys, questionnaires, and structured observations. In qualitative research, more flexible and frequentative instruments are applied. Qualitative methods, unlike quantitative ones, are semi-structured. To these methods belong interview, focus group, questionnaire, and participant observation. Quantitative research, in contrast to qualitative, operates with numerical data. Qualitative research, as a rule, uses textual data (Mack, Woodsong, et al., 2005).The most important feature which differentiates one research from another is flexibility. Usually, the outgrowth of quantitative research is prescribed in advance. Therefore, it excludes any unforeseen changes during the process of research. For instance, the questions in quantitative research are well thought-out, concrete, and closed. Moreover, the order of questions is also fixed. I n such a way, quantitative research, due to its inflexibility, makes meaningful contribution to common investigation. The stages of qualitative research may be changed during the research procedure.The questions in qualitative research are mostly open. It enables the participants to give more reasonable answers and sometimes, even to go into detail. Therefore, spontaneity became a distinctive feature of qualitative research, which made the process of research less formal (Mack, Woodsong, et al., 2005).ReferencesBurns, N., Grove, S.K. (2005). The practice of nursing research conduct, critique, and utilization (5th Ed.). St. Louis, Elsevier Saunders. Retrieved from http//www.researchproposalsforhealthprofessionals.com/definition_of_quantitative_resea.htm Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, M. K., Guest, G., Namey, E. (2005). Qualitative research methods A data collectors field guide. Retrieved from http//www.fhi360.org/nr/rdonlyres/emgox4xpcoyrysqspsgy5ww6mq7v4e44etd6toiejyxalhbmk5sdnef 7fqlr3q6hlwa2ttj5524xbn/datacollectorguideenrh.pdf Woods, P. (2006). Qualitative research. Retrieved from http//www.edu.plymouth.ac.uk/resined/qualitative%20methods%202/qualrshm.htm

College Alcohol Use Essay

Summary Argumentative essay on the topic of drinking on campus. Compares the consequences versus the benefits of alcohol consumption by college students. Drinking on campus is a problem that affects most college students, either directly or indirectly. I, for one, am against drinking on campus. As a student of Stevens Institute of Technology, I can say that drinking on campus is as rampant as a fire in a toothpick factory. Several friends of mine at colleges around the country tell me that their schools face the same problems.Here, at Stevens, much to the college communitys surprise, we had a snow solar day in February. The night before our well-deserved day off, a Tuesday, most of the general Stevens populous got drunk. That wouldnt have been so bad if everyone locked themselves in their manners and drank to their liver-coloreds con hug drugt, but it was not so. In addition to getting wasted, everyone partied all night, with music blasting and partiers yelling. Needless to say, i t wasnt a good night for anyone hard to get some sleep. The whole night wasnt wasted though it was fun watching inhibition-less people wander around.On a trip to the bathroom, I saw one guy making a fool of himself trying to get together with this girl. Ten minutes later, that same person walked into my room and sit down down on my chair. He then told me to get out of his room. A friend of mine had a similar experience. A drunken resident stumbled into his room and fell down on his bed, saying, I think Ill crash here tonight. Luckily, he got up and decided to leave before my friend thump the alcohol out of him. Upon reaching the door, it took him a good 10 seconds before he maked that the knob was on the other side.While I realize that college students generally dont have it easy and they need to unwind every now and then, large consumption of alcohol simply isnt the answer. I suppose its OK to go out and have a drink every now and then, but many people take that to an extreme. excess and simple, the statistics disfavor drinking on campus. Perhaps the most stunning statistic is the fact that fourteen-hundred college students between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four die each year from unintentional, alcohol-related injuries, the majority of which includes machine crashes.Thats not surprising when coupled with the fact that 2. 1 million students drove under the influence last year. Five hundred thousand more(prenominal) are inadvertently injured under the influence of alcohol and six hundred thousand students are assaulted by another student who has been drinking. Approximately xxv percent of college students accredit low academic performance to alcohol and thirty-one percent of students met criteria for a diagnosis of alcohol abuse. Another huge impact of alcohol is sexual abuse. In excess of seventy-thousand students fell victim to alcohol-related rape and sexual assault.Four hundred thousand students had unprotected sex and twenty five percent o f them say they were too drunk to even remember if they consented to it. Property damage is another plague brought unto colleges by alcohol abuse, especially here at Stevens, where several(prenominal) card-readers that allow access to residence halls were destroyed on several occasions. Around eleven percent of student drinkers say they have committed vandalism of blank space while drunk. Many administrators also report that their campuses have an increasing problem with alcohol-related property damage.Alcohol inevitably leads to health problems. More than one hundred and 50 thousand students develop alcohol-related health problems and almost 1. 5% of these students have attempted suicide. Five percent of college students are involved with the police for alcohol-related issues and an estimated one hundred and ten thousand students have been arrested as a result of their drinking. In conclusion, although I recognize the pro- side to this debatable issue, I think that the consequenc es of drinking far outdo the pleasures. Drinking should not be allowed on college campuses.

Blozis Company

subroutine 1 Executive SummaryMy decision, as the put up animal trainer of the Blozis comp any(prenominal), is to implement new processes and procedures in the supply department. One of the changes to be make in the processes and procedures entrust include having the expediters role primarily limited to the expedition of materials. An expediter is the person in manoeuver of scheduling bribes, purchasing and scheduling the delivery of materials and services, as well as checking launchs and speeding up the arrival of materials needed to meet production schedules. The current expediter, withal undertaking these responsibilities, is also taking on a number of other responsibilities that atomic number 18 taking outside(a) from his abilities to kosherly complete his core job responsibilities.In assenting, the process for the receiving of products and materials ordain be improved so that items received into caudex be properly accounted for, as well as properly accounted for once they pass inventory, so that they are charged to the correct departmental budget and are paid for in a by the bye manner so that early hire discounts are taken advantage of. A current and accurate inventory is necessary in tack together to properly manage the supply department.In regards to favorable reception of requisitions, despite the fact the president likes to operate inform exclusivelyy it is important to turn back that the required signatures are obtained on wholly requisitions as this helps to hold people accountable for their leveragings and to control embodys and remain within budget. Even though acquires over $10,000.00 may have technically been approved by the president in the budget, they are non realized purchases and in order to ensure they do fall within budget requirements, the president still should be required to execute these requisitions. As well to ensure passenger vehicles are informed and can be held accountable to what items are charged t o their departments, it is prudent to include on the requisition the signature of the double-decker of the department for which the purchase is being made.Finally the engineering department should be required to be as detailed and accurate in their descriptions and specifications on all purchase orders. While the current expeditor has some technical background, all purchase orders should be supplied to the supply department with detailed specifications to ensure the correct materials and parts are purchased and supplied. Even though the main responsibility for this should still fall to the engineering department, at that place is no reason why the continued process of discussing the details of purchase orders with the expeditor could not continue as well, as this entrust ensure greater verity in the specifications detailed on their purchase orders together with greater accuracy in the fulfillment of the purchase orders.Part 2 Immediate Issue with Impact AnalysisBesides expediti ng parts and materials passim the company, the expeditor was also writing purchase requisitions and purchase orders. At times the expeditor would scarce pick up parts and advise suppliers that they would receive confirming orders that never followed. This resulted in the supply department at times receiving broadsheets for items that could not be matched to a corresponding purchase order. In order to control costs, remain within budget and to ensure accurate inventory and purchases, this process cannot continue. The Blozis social club needs to have their expeditor doing just that, expediting items throughout the company and not writing purchase requisitions and orders. The writing of purchase requisitions and orders should be limited to the engineering and production personnel.The current inventory and purchasing process within the Blozis Company is allowing for inventory to go missing, payments for materials and items received to be missed, as well as the receiving of invoices for payments to suppliers that are not supported by purchase orders. The current processes or lack of processes are not allowing for the proper tracking and accounting of inventory the control of cost as purchasing discounts are being missed and invoicing is being received and paid for without proper backup that the items were in fact ordered and received. This lax in documentation and recording of items is also impacting on the ability of each department to remain within budget.The company, as well, can no longer function without proper processes that are diligently followed in regards to signatures on purchase requisitions. Again this allows for greater control over costs, purchasing accountability and adherence to budget restrictions.As a whole the company needs to completely overhaul their current processes and procedures in their supply department in order to address the issues as detailed above.Part 3 Environmental and Root Cause AnalysisUnder the current processes in the su pply department the expeditor is spending too much time tradeling technical orders. While his involvement in technical orders to a degree does assist with greater accuracy in the fulfillment of these purchase orders, it is taking away from his time to expedite materials and items throughout the company. This has resulted in corners being cut which have cost the company money. For example, cardinal special micrometers disappeared within the plant after the Blozis Company had waited six months to receive them.The supplier of these micrometers was able to prove that Blozis did receive these items as evidenced by a signed bill of lading, but it appears the expeditor, in an onslaught to get these items to the engineers as quickly as possible, may have just picked up the micrometers on the receiving dock and taken them directly to the engineers. The expeditor on the other hand claims to never have seen the micrometers. Since no documentation was in place to evidence what happened, it became a he said she said situation, but in the end the two special micrometers were still gone at a financial loss to the company.In addition, when the expeditor was pressed for time, instead of completing the necessary purchase order, he would just pick up a desired item from a suppler and advise the supplier that they would be receiving a confirming order for the item or items he picked up. A number of times the expeditor would forget to ask supply for a confirming order and when the invoice arrived from the supplier for payment, the supply department was faced with an invoice for which they had no confirming order documentation to support the payment of.Besides the aforementioned issues relating to the lack of completed receiving reports, in that location was also the issue of suppliers claiming long neglectful payments on materials that have been received by the Blozis Company. The supply department would not pass on a bill for payment until they had received the receiving re port, which is a equitable process as this controlled the possibility of paying for materials that were never received. On the other hand, the lax of completion and/or the timely submission of the receiving reports to the supply department resulted in the delay of bills submitted for payment that included sizable discounts for early payment as well as not meeting the net date on some(prenominal) bills.This lax in the necessity of following process and procedures in order to ensure the correct documentation was in place to record and support purchases, was not only exercised by the supply department. The president of the company liked to operate informally and allowed anyone in the company to initiate requisitions with only the signature of the supply manager for any orders up to a value of $10,000.00. Many managers were complaining they were un certified of what was being charged to their departments until the monthly accounting statement came out. Changes need to be made to inclu de, on each requisition, the signature of the manager of the department to which the requisition is being made. This allows for more managerial accountability in the control of their budgets.Part 4 Alternatives and/or Options Based on the information that has been provided to the writer, it is their position that the issues are clearly identifiable and that solutions in regards to addressing these issues are contained herein. Despite the fact that specific issues have been identified, as with any process there could be room for more improvement in other areas that are not the subject matter of this report. Bearing this in mind, the supply department may also wish to conduct a process mapping session which will detail the entire process as it exists today and from this be able to indentify other areas of the process that require improvement. I do not believe there are any other viable selection in regards to the solutions that have been presented herein, but the conducting of a pr ocess mapping session will only build upon and possibly lead to the discovery of more issues so that the process can be improved even further.Part 5 Recommendation and Implementation In regards to the role of the expeditor, it should be mainly limited to the expediting of materials and items throughout the company. His role in the handling of technical orders should be decreased with more responsibility in this regard falling on the engineering department. If purchase requisitions are written with greater specifications without as much reliance on the expeditor to assist in the writing of same, another individual within the supply department could be trained to assist with these technical orders. The implementation of these changes will begin with the manager of the engineering department meeting with his group as well as the manager of the expeditor meeting with him to ascertain what their current involvement is in regard to technical orders. Once this information is obtained, the n all managers will meet in order to discuss how these job responsibilities will be allocated between the engineering department and the expeditor. Once this have been finalized, a further meeting will be held that will include all managers, the engineering department and the expeditor so that everyone can be advised of the changes in their job responsibilities going forward.In regards to inventory control all products received must be documented and signed off on by the receiving clerk and there must be a matching purchase order to go along with the bill of lading and/or packing slip. No items should be received into inventory in the supply department without a corresponding approved purchase order. The supply department at all times is to receive a receiving report so that they can arrange for the timely payment of invoices in order to take advantage of purchasing discounts. The process for this is to be implemented by the supply manager.To provide for further control, no one, inc luding the expediter should be allowed to take a product or item out of inventory without providing a requisition for same. Again the process for this will be implemented by the supply manager.In order to facilitate communication of when products and materials have arrived and are in inventory, the company should purchase inventory software that all interested parties will have access to, so that they can check for themselves when products have arrived. A meeting will be held between all managers of all departments in order to discuss which software will meet their needs and once decided the software will be purchased and put into use.To assist managers being made aware of what materials are being charged to their departments, all purchase requisitions should also require the signature of the manager of the respective department for which the purchase is made in addition to the supply managers. The supply manager should never receive and process a purchase requisition unless the sig nature of the applicable department manager is contained on the requisitions. This process will be implemented by the supply manager.Part 6 Monitor and Control In regards to monitoring and controlling the success of the changes in the job responsibilities of the expeditor, there will be a follow up meetings between all parties affected, within 2 weeks of the changes taking place just to ensure things are still in place and that no one has slipped back into their old roles. After this for a further 6 month period there will again be mnthly meetings to monitor that everything is still on track in regard to the changes.In regards to the change in the process to bring about greater inventory control, a person outside of the supply department will be assigned various audit responsibilities and will attend in the supply department, initially, on a monthly basis to ensure the controls put in place are being complied with, for example that all necessary documentation has been completed so that all inventory is recorded being received and taken out of inventory. After each audit session the auditor will be required to complete an audit report that will be delivered to the supply manager. The report will detail all areas where they have discovered non-compliance with a time line presented to the area affected to bring the process and department into compliance.It is the expectation of the writer, that if the recommendations as detailed herein are fully and accurately followed, there will be substantial improvement in the operations of the supply department and within Blozis as a whole.

Steps To Become A Successful Christian

Now hundreds of years ago t here lived a rich military human cosmos by the name of Sheikh Albert, who had a very beautiful daughter whos name is Princess Mila. Now this man was as rich as can be. He had a very big house, a ranch, hectares of land and room full of the finest jewelries and gold. Since he is becoming old and theres no adept to succeed him, he distinct to throw a party for his daughters 1 8th birthday. So he sent out his servant to annoy once to eery younker educated bachelor out there that they were invited to attend his daughters birthday party.During the party, and hen everyone was there, Sheikh Albert invited totally the bachelors to come outside to participate in a simple game. So when they were outside they saw this huge swimming consortium swarming with crocodiles in it. And then Sheikh Albert announced to everyone, anyone of you who can swim successfully across the swimming pool from one end to the other allow for get what they want from me. They can fill the hand of my daughter in marriage, consider my house, have my ranch, have all my money and The rich man wasnt even finished talking when they heard a loud splash coming from the swimming pool. So when they looked they saw this young man swimming for his life, swimming as fast as he could to get to the other side of the pool. After a short struggle and in Olympic record fashion he was able to get off to the other side of the pool and escape the wrath of the crocodiles. Upon seeing this the rich man was very happy and immediately interviewed the man. He said, congratulations young man for you are very brave, you have won this contest.And now for your prize I will let you choose your bounty. Do you want the hand of my daughter in marriage? The young man unbosom soaking wet ND tone confused said No sir, I do not want to marry your daughter. The rich man was surprised so he asked again do you want my mansion and my ranch? The boy said no sir dont want your mansion and your r anch. Do you want all my jewelries and my gold? The boy answered no sir I dont want your ranch. So the rich man feeling annoyed blurted Well for crying out loud what do you want The boy still confused answered l just want know who pushed me into the swimming pool. The end. The reason why told you this story is because Im very sure we all can relate ourselves to the poor people boy. During the start of our Christian ministry we all have been pushed in some way or another by concerned people to re forward-looking our relationship with the Nazarene Christ and to actively participate in Gods ministry. My push came at a very opportune conviction, because as recall it was one of the phantomest periods of my life. I call it dark because I couldnt see any light, any hope that my life would be better.I have al run d throwy stopped believing there is a higher being out there who guides us and takes care of Lamentations 32 ESP. He has driven and brought me into darkness without any ligh t, Fortunately there are people similar Sheila who would stop at nothing just to bring the light of Jesus Christ to other people who are still living in the dark. So make sure you know the name of the person who pushed you and if they are here right now please thank them for doing whatever they had to do to bring you here to the path of Gods light. Because when they pushed you, you already won the promise of Gods salvation.Matthew 25134 ESP. Then the King will adduce to those on his right, Come, you who are blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom on the watch for you from the foundation of the world. Now lets move on to our topic for tonight. We are goanna talk tonight about the 7 steps to becoming a successful Christian. They say success is the accomplishment of an aim or purpose, in other pronounces it is the achievement of ones goal. In order for us to be successful we Ernst first have a goal we should be aiming at. So what is our goal as Christians? Christianity means lit tle Christ.We are trying to be as much same Jesus as we can. He has set an example and were doing our best to follow it. 2 Corinthians 5. 17 E-SF / 15 helpful votes Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation. The old has passed away behold, the new has come. We have to make plans to succeed. One thing Ive learned is success is not accidental. Youre not going to accidentally accomplish your goals. You have to have a plan. If youre goanna get to the right destination, you goat know where youre going and how youre going to get there.If youve ever been at the beach, just floating in the water, relaxing, youll strike off after a while the current has taken you far away. Thats the way it is in life. If we dont have clear cut goals, with a plan in shoot for to accomplish those goals, were not Anna end up at the right place. Psalm 3723-24 ESP. 1 The steps of a man are established by the Lord, when he delights in his way though he fall, he shall not be cast headlong, for the Lord upholds his hand. The first step is to Read the Bible If were ever goanna be true Christians we have to not only read the bible but to study it.I heard somebody say that continuous learning is a minimum requirement for success in any field. And in order for us to be truly successful as Christians we have to consistently and select ally learn about Gods message for us. The bible says Joshua E-SF This Book of the Law shall not depart from your mouth, but you meditate it day and night, that may be watchful to do according is written it. For then will make way prosperous, have good success. The bible has been written as a guide for us so that we may know how God wants us to live each day.We should read and study it because it is Gods word to us. It will help you know God better. When we read the Bible, we are actually listening to Gods message to us. I remember early on when was just a small kid, when figurers were not yet as ubiquitous as it is right now, my dad bought a second hand word receptors from a friend of his at a real bargain. You know what a word mainframe computer looks like right? Well, its a cross between an electric typewriter and a computer. It has a keyboard, which is connected to a monitor. It looks like a desktop computer but the only thing it does is process word documents.Its more like a typewriter, the only difference is that you can see text on the disguise of the monitor before you can actually decide to print it on paper. My dad was an architect by profession, who eventually became a sales manager for one of the pioneers in the colored roofing industry in the Philippines. But when the company closed down he decided to setup a company of his own distributing roofing materials to his clients. He was previously using a typewriter to prepare price quotations for the materials that he would send to his prospective customers.But when his friend called him up to sell him their word processor at a bargain price because their family was leaving for the states, he immediately grabbed it thinking that it would make his work a lot easier. So when the equipment finally arrived at our house, my dad got excited and decided to try to use it. To his dismay, he found out that it was not as easy to use as he panorama it would be. Whats even worse is because its a second hand item, it did not come with an instruction manual because the owner had misplaced it during moving out.Dont get me wrong, my dad is rightfully smart guy but when it comes to gadgets and technology, hes really slow at it. And without that instruction manual provided by the manufacturer of equipment, he would have not even the slightest peril to learn how to use it. So he decided to go back to using typewriters. And what happened the word processor? Lotus sat ender his desk for a long time until he decided to throw it away. My friends, this is what happens to us when we dont read the Bible. We become useless as Christians.

The Emerging Role of Electronic Markets

meshing- base electronic food foodstuff lay outs leverage info technology to match buyers and sellers with increased authorization and swallow transaction cost, leading to more than than efficient, friction-free grocery stores. The Emerging Role of electronic Marketplaces on the Internet Markets play a central role in the economy, facilitating the Yannis Bakos qualify of breeding, goods, services, and give inments. In the process, they create economic pass judgment for buyers, sellers, securities industry intermediaries, and for society at large.Recent years have seen a spectacular increase in the role of randomness technology in markets, both in traditional markets, and in the event of electronic food markets, such as the multitude of Internet-based online auctions. Functions of a Market Markets (electronic or separatewise) have three main functions, summarized in postpone 1 matching buyers and sellers facilitating the exchange of discipline, goods, services and payments associated with market transactions and providing an institutional infrastructure, such as a sound and regulatory framework, that enables the efficient functioning of the market.In a modern economy, the first dickens functions ar leave behindd by intermediaries, magic spell the institutional infrastructure is naturally the province of governments. Internet-based electronic marketplaces leverage study technology to perform these functions with increased effectiveness and rock-bottom transaction costs, resulting in more efficient, friction-free markets. Matching Buyers and Sellers. Markets clear by matching penury and supply. This process of matching buyers demand with sellers product offerings has three main components find Matching uyers and sellers Determination of product offerings Product features offered by sellers Aggregation of different products Search (of buyers for sellers and of sellers for buyers) bell and product information Matching seller off erings with buyer preferences Price discovery Process and outcome in determination of prices Facilitation of transactions Logistics Delivery of information, good, or service to buyer Settlement Transfer of payment to seller believe Credit system, reputations, rating agencies like Consumer Reports and Better condescension Bureaus Institutional infrastucture Legal Commercial code, assume law, dispute resolution, intellectual property protection Regulatory Rules and regulations, monitoring, enforcement Table 1. Functions of a market COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM noble 1998/Vol. 41, No. 8 35 Establishing a dialogue and a sense of community among customers can create value by enabling the sharing of experiences, problems and solutions, but also allows the solicitation of important information active individual consumers. product offerings, front, and price discovery. The behavior of buyers, sellers, and intermediaries is motivated by their desire to maximize their private utility. When markets function well, this also leads to an efficient allocation of productive resources. Viewed this way, markets atomic spot 18 the locomotive engine and steering system of our economy.Markets provide sellers with information about demand that allows them to employ economic inputs such as capital, technology and labor, and develop products with characteristics that match the needs of buyers. Sellers determine a schedule of product offerings that they expect give maximize their profits based on information about buyer demand the cost of inputs the available technology for production and distribution of the information, goods and services purchased by the buyers and, the transaction costs of administering production, distribution, and payment. Buyers select their purchases from the available product offerings after considering factors such as price and product characteristics. In obtaining and processing this information, buyers face front costs.These osts a ccept the opportunity cost of beat spent beting, as well as associated expenditures such as driving, telephone calls, computer fees, magazine subscriptions, and so forth Typically, sellers exploit these appear costs by raising their prices, and thus enjoy higher profits. Similarly sellers may face search costs in locating qualified buyers for their products, such as market research, advertising and sales calls. A key function of markets in our economic system is price discovery, which is the process of determining the prices at which demand and supply clear and trade occurs. For certain markets, such as financial markets, this is their primary function.Markets can employ a number of mechanisms for price discovery. 36 August 1998/Vol. 41, No. 8 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM For instance, some financial markets use up one or more of the several lawsuits of auctions to determine prices, such as the call market auction at the opening of a trading day at the New York Stock Exchange, whe n bids argon accepted up to a certain time and exchange occurs when the market opens. This is the first price that is communicated via the stock market ticker to the market at large, kicking off a day of continuous market trading. Other markets, such as the traditional automobile dealership, employ negotiation amidst buyers and sellers until a price is reached.In lock in other markets, such as the typical department store, merchants make firm offers that customers can either take or leave. Facilitation of Transactions. The matching function of a market establishes a bilateral relationship between a buyer and a seller. After a transaction is agreed upon, the product change must be transported to the buyer (logistics), and payment must be transferred to the seller (settlement). Markets typically incorporate mechanisms for logistics and settlement when a travel agent uses an airline reservations system to book a flight, the system leave behind generate the travel plan and the tic ket, and go forth process a credit political machined payment.Furthermore, market transactions require the establishment of a certain level of trust, which protects buyers, sellers and intermediaries from the opportunistic behavior of other market participants. For instance, this trust role may accommodate banks issuing letters of credit, credit reporting bureaus, or rating agencies such as Consumer Reports and Better Business Bureaus, which keep track of product information and seller reputations, and thus discourage opportunistic behavior. Finally, markets provide the physical infrastructure that allows transactions between the buyers and the sellers to take place. This includes echt assets such as physical structures and trading floors, computers and communication networks, and transportation systems. Institutional Infrastructure.The institutional infrastructure specifies the laws, rules and regulations that govern market transactions, such as issues related to contract law, dispute resolution, and intellectual property protection, and provides mechanisms for their enforcement. In addition, the dynamics of electronic markets may raise certain antitrust issues. For example, there argon large economies of scurf in distribution, as a single online retailer or intermediary can serve a very large market. There be also emf demand-side economies of scale in payment mechanisms and software. These may lead to a winner-takeall market structure 1 with one or a few firms dominating the market. Purchasing a impertinently home Research city and neighborhood Find a house Inspections, title research, appraisals, contracts Get a mortgage Moving services Decorators, furniture, etc. Planning a vacation Research destination Arrange accommodations and travel Purchase maps, books, information Check out weather, items to take Purchasing a auto Research make and model Select a dealer Get a loan or arrange a lease Purchase indemnification Table 2. Componen ts of consumer processes and transaction/distribution cost How the Internet Affects Markets Electronic marketplaces, especially Internet-based markets, are having a major impact on the roles of markets discussed previously 2, 12. Product Offerings.Two major emerging trends distinguish products in electronic marketplaces from their traditional counterparts increased personalization and customization of product offerings, and the aggregation and disaggregation of information-based product components to match customer needs and to support new price strategies. Electronic marketplaces support personalization and customization in two ways Consumer tracking technology allows the identification of individual buyers information about these buyers, such as relevant demographics, consumer profiles, or comparison with the known preferences of similar consumers, can be used to discover or estimate their specific preferences. Information-rich products lend themselves to cost-effective customiz ation for instance, delivering an electronic intelligence showpaper made-to-order to the interests of an individual reader need not be more costly than delivering the same copy to all subscribers. Current personalization and customization technologies use either rule-based systems like Broadvision (www. broadvision. com) that leave upon sets of expert rules, or collaborative filtering systems like the Firefly Network (www. firefly. net) that utilize the feedback and experiences of consumers with a profile of likes and dislikes similar to the targeted buyer. This allows the practice of one-to-one marketing, which is based on taking into custody individual consumers.For instance, establishing a dialogue and a sense of community among customers can create value by enabling the sharing of experiences, problems and solutions, but also allows the collection of important information about individual consumers. The ultimate objective is to provide customized services according to indivi dual preferences, whether expressed or inferred. Increased selling effectiveness comes from being able to design appropriate products to address the needs of individual consumers, and from being able to identify the moment when a customers get decision is most likely to occur and to be prepared for that moment, one step ahead of the tilt. When determining their product mix, sellers must decide which product components or features will be included in each product offering.For example, the developer of an operating system must decide which features to implement, and whether they will be marketed and priced individually or in a single bundle. These decisions are driven by the relative cost of different product bundles, which includes the following types of costs Production cost the cost of producing additive units for inclusion in the bundle, including storage, processing, and communications costs incurred in the process. Transaction and distribution cost the cost of distributing a bundle of goods and administering the related transactions, such as written text for payment. Binding cost the cost of binding the component goods together for distribution as a bundle, such as formatting changes necessary to include news stories from wire services in a newspaper bundle. Menu cost the cost of administering multiple prices. If a mixed bundling strategy is pursued, where the available components are offered in different combinations, then a set of n goods may require as many as 2n prices (one for each subset of one or more goods). COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM August 1998/Vol. 41, No. 8 37 c Marginal Costs Mean Valuation c0 Marginal production, distribution, and transactions are high plenty to make both bundled and unbundled Unbundled sales dominate sales unprofitable bundling Bundling is more profitable than unbundled sales Distribution Costs d act 1. Phase diagram for bundling and unbundling strategies as a function of marginal costInternet marketplaces are changi ng the constraints imposed by these costs and thus are fosterage new types of intermediaries that create value by aggregating services and products that traditionally were offered by separate industries. For instance, Table 2 shows the components of three processes that generate value for consumers. In traditional markets, these components are provided by separate industries. A consumer in the market for a new car might select a make and model based on the experience collected from test drives, research from auto magazines and Consumer Reports, and recommendations from friends. She would then agree on price, order the vehicle, and take address through a car dealer, arrange financing through a bank, and purchase insurance from an insurance company.By dramatically lowering the transaction, distribution and binding costs, the Internet has allowed intermediaries such as Auto-byTel (www. auto-by-tel. com) or Microsofts Carpoint (www. carpoint. com) to offer all of these products and se rvices, with the exception of an actual test drive. Similar intermediaries are emerging in other areas, such as the Travelocity (www. travelocity. com) and Microsofts Expedia (www. expedia. com) travel services aggregators, or Microsofts Boardwalk Web site that will aggregate products and services related to real estate transactions. The Case of Information Goods. Digital information goods, such as news articles, digital images or music, allow perfect copies to be created and distributed almost without cost via the Internet.The Internet is thus precipitating a dramatic step-down in the marginal costs of production and distribution for these goods, while micropayment technologies are reducing the transaction costs for their commercial exchange. Bakos and Brynjolfsson 6 point out that this creates new opportunities for repackaging content through strategies such as bundling, site licensing, subscriptions, rentals, differential pricing and per-use fees. All of these schemes can be tho ught Figure 2. ComputerESP price comparison engine 38 August 1998/Vol. 41, No. 8 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM of as either aggregating or disaggregating information goods along some dimension.For instance, aggregation can take place across products, as when software programs are bundled for sale in a software suite or when access to various content of an online service is provided for a stiff fee. Aggregation can also take place across consumers, as with the provision of a site license to multiple users for a fixed fee, or over time, as with subscriptions. Many information goods have been bundled solely to save on transaction, distribution and menu costs, yet these costs are practically lower on the Internet. Thus software and other types of content may be increasingly disaggregated and metered, as on-demand software applets or as individual news stories and stock quotes.Independent of the cost considerations mentioned previously, Bakos and Brynjolfsson 6 show that aggregation of arg e numbers of information goods can be a powerful strategy that results in higher profits for sellers as well as a socially desirable wider distribution of the goods. This is due to the susceptibility of aggregation to change the shape of the demand curve faced by the sellers to one that is easier to exploit. Aggregation can be a surprisingly profitable strategy when marginal production costs are low and consumers are homogeneous. Bakos and Brynjolfssons analysis provides a framework to understand the emergence of intermediaries that aggregate online content, such as America Online and Yahoo , as well as the increasing use of subscription pricing in the sale of information goods by companies such as Netscape, Dow-Jones, or Reuters.Figure 1 graphically summarizes this discussion and depicts the impact of marginal cost c and distribution/transaction cost d on the desir mightiness of bundling large numbers of information goods. Search. Electronic marketplaces lower the buyers cost to o btain information about the price and product features of seller offerings as well as the sellers cost to communicate information about their prices and product characteristics. For instance, a buyer in the market for a 400MHz Pentium II microprocessor can easily compare the prices of different sellers by using a specialized search engine like Pricewatch (www. pricewatch. com) or ComputerESP (www. computeresp. com), as shown in Figure 2.Similarly, links to manufacturers Web sites can be used to obtain fine information about the product features of different laptop computers. By lowering buyers search costs, electronic markets increase economic dexterity. Not only do buyers incur lower costs even after considering more product offerings, they also benefit from being able to identify and purchase products that better match their needs. Several Internet-based technologies assist buyers searching multimedia, high bandwidth, and rating sites provide more product information. Search eng ines help buyers identify appropriate seller offerings. The search engines can be hierarchical directories (like Yahoo , generic tools (like AltaVista in too soon 1998), or specialized tools that work best in the context of specific markets (such as Pricewatch and ComputerESP for computers and peripherals, or Expedia and Travelocity for airline tickets and other travel products).Intelligent agents such as Bargainfinder (bf. cstar. ac. com/bf) or Jango (www. jango. com) have been developed to scout the Web and compare product offerings by price or features on the behalf of the buyers. These technologies keep lowering buyers search costs. The lower search costs enable new markets to emerge. For example, low buyer search costs and global reach allowed Onsale. com (www. onsale. om) to create markets in goods like secondhand cameras otherwise the search costs would be too high to enable potential buyers and sellers to find each other in a conventional market. Several other intermediarie s are emerging to facilitate the process of matching buyers and sellers. Among many others they include Yahoo , Pricewatch, Netbots Jango, and several other search engines, Web directories and shopping agents. They also include providers for product information (e. g. , CNet, trade magazines), recommendations and personalization (e. g. , Firefly Network), and information about sellers such as Bizrate. Price Discovery. Electronic marketplaces enable new types of price discovery to be employed in different markets.For example, some airlines auction last-minute unsold seats to the highest bidders, and Web-based auctions at Onsale. com have created for consumer goods markets that function like the financial markets. Intermediaries such as Priceline (www. priceline. com) allow buyers to specify product requirements and the amount theyre willing to pay, and then make corresponding offers to the participating sellers, reversing the traditional functioning of retail markets. Finally, agents such as Kasbah (ecommerce. media. mit. edu/kasbah) and Tete-a-Tete (ecommerce. media. mit. edu/tete-a-tete) that can negotiate purchases on behalf of buyers and sellers, may restructure the price discovery process in Internet marketplaces 11.The ability to customize products, combine with the ability of sellers to access substantial information about prospective buyers, such as demographics, preferences and past shopping behavior, is greatly improving sellers ability to price detachthat COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM August 1998/Vol. 41, No. 8 39 is, to charge different prices for different buyers. Price discrimination is a powerful tool that allows sellers to increase their profits, and reduces the consumer inordinateness enjoyed by buyers. On the other hand, price discrimination enables sellers to service buyers who would otherwise be priced out of the market, an outcome that increases economic efficiency.These new types of price discovery, such as the ability of buyers to make off ers and the ability to conduct electronic negotiations between buyer and seller agents, are changing the microstructure of consumer markets. Finance theory has shown that market microstructure affects both the efficiency of markets and the bargaining power of their participants. The increasing importance of electronic commerce emphasizes the need to carry this type of research analysis to electronic marMarkketplaces. It is unclear who the beneficiaup ries of this process will be. The ability to r implement different price discovery mechanisms may result in more efficient marr/2 kets, thus benefiting buyers and hurting uneffective sellers. As menu costs decrease, sellers will move away from fixed pricing, and more prices will become negotiable 7.While savvy buyers may benefit, the 0 ability to negotiate prices may not be pleasant or result in a good deal, as many visitors to auto dealerships have discovered. Furthermore, when sellers are better informed, they are likely to increase their profits by charging different prices to different buyers. Economic theory names that buyers with more bargaining power, typically the more confluent ones, will spot better in this situation. Facilitation. The cost of logisticsthe process of transporting products from the seller to the buyer has been estimated at more than 10% of the GNP 8. Electronic marketplaces improve information sharing between buyers and sellers, helping lower the cost of logistics and promoting quick, just-intime deliveries and reduced inventories.The distribution of information goods such as newspapers, music, videos and software, is likely to be completely transformed, as the information infrastructure will replace physical distribution systems. Sellers in Internet marketplaces are typically responsible for delivery to their customers, and increasingly contract with third-party providers for direct delivery from the manufacturer to the final consumer, reducing costs and time-to-delivery. Thus, direc t sellers like Dell Computer are squeezing out traditional intermediaries such as wholesalers and distributors, while delivery providers such as FedEx and 40 August 1998/Vol. 41, No. 8 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACMUPS are emerging as major Internet intermediaries, because of their logistics expertise and their economies of scale in distribution. Electronic payment systems will further lower transaction costs in Internet marketplaces, and micropayment systems will lower the cost of small transactions, enabling new pricing strategies such as the metering of software use. As face-to-face marketplaces are replaced by electronic ones, there is increasing need to protect market participants from opportunistic behavior. Technologies such as public key cryptography can provide security and authentication of transactions, while intermediaries like Bizrate (www. bizrate. om) will use information from consumers to keep track of merchants reputaAs search costs fall from very high to moderate, new m arkets emerge, and both sellers and buyers benefit. However, if search costs continue to fall, market prices fall and sellers are made worse off, while buyers benefit from the lower prices and their improved ability to find products that fit their needs. r 2/4t r 2/t market breakdown buyer search cost Figure 3. The impact of buyer search costs in a identify market tions.Credit bureaus and credit throwaway companies will provide credit information or guarantee payment for consumers. Finally, intermediaries like Verisign (www. verisign. om) are emerging as certificate authorities that match legal identities to the possession of cryptographic keysa public key infrastructure. Internet Marketplaces and Competition Impact of Lower Search Costs. The ability of Internet marketplaces to reduce search costs for price and product information may significantly affect competition. Bakos 4, 5 shows that lower buyer search costs in electronic marketplaces promote price competition among sellers. This effect will be most dramatic in commodity markets, where intensive price competition can eliminate all seller profits. It will also be significant in markets where products are differentiated, reducing the monopoly power enjoyed by sellers, and leading to lower prices and seller profits.Figure 3 shows the equilibrium prices for a differentiated good with zero marginal cost, which The dynamics of friction-free markets are not attractive for sellers that had previously depended on geography or customer ignorance to insulate them from the low-cost sellers in the market. consumers value at r and has a degree of differentiation t. As search costs fall from very high to moderate, new markets emerge, and both sellers and buyers benefit. However, if search costs continue to fall, sellers are made worse off since buyers can more easily find the lowest-cost seller, while buyers benefit from the lower prices and their improved ability to find products that fit their needs.The dynamics of friction-free markets are not attractive for sellers that had previously depended on geography or customer ignorance to insulate them from the low-cost sellers in the market. As geography becomes less important, new sources of product differentiation, such as customized features or service or innovation, will become more important, at least for those sellers who begettert have the lowest cost of production. Also, like an arms race in which both sides develop increasingly powerful weapons, sellers can exploit the reduction in menu costs to compensate for the lower search costs in electronic marketplaces. Specifically, sellers can make it difficult to compare the price of substitute(a) product offerings, and they can attempt to collect information about buyers that allows more effective price discrimination.Airlines, for example, have implemented extremely complicated and ever-changing fare structures, flight restrictions, and ticket availability, sometimes offering hundreds of far es for travel between certain pairs of destinations. It is also interesting to note that when informational inefficiencies prevail, a large number of sellers does not inescapably result in a competitive and efficient market. If search costs are high, individual sellers do not have a strong bonus to lower their prices because few buyers would discover them. As the number of sellers increases, it becomes more difficult for buyers to locate discounters, and thus the market may become more monopolistic as the number of sellers increasesThis behavior is likely in certain markets with little or no advertising, such as some markets for professional legal and medical ser- ices. Internet marketplaces could provide price cutters with the means to reach a larger fraction of the buyers, and thus undermine the monopolistic nature of these markets. While there is much supposition about the effect that electronic marketplaces have on prices, thus far there has been little systematic analysis. On e exploratory study by Bailey and Brynjolfsson 3 did not find much evidence that prices on the Internet were lower than prices for the same goods sold via traditional retail channels. Their analysis was based on data from 52 Internet and conventional retailers for 337 distinct titles of books, music compact discs, and software.Bailey and Brynjolfsson provide several possible explanations for their unexpected findings, including the possibility that searching on the Internet during the sample purpose was not as easy as is sometimes assumed, that the demographics of the typical Internet user encouraged a higher price equilibrium, that many of the Internet retailers were still experimenting with pricing strategies, and that Internet retailers were differentiating their products (for example, via delivery options or customized recommendations). Clearly, more empirical research is needed in this area. Increasing Differentiation and Lowering the Cost of Product Information. A higher degr ee of product differentiation leads to an increase in seller profits, which may partially or completely offset the decrease caused by lower search costs. Sellers in electronic markets will thus want increasingly to differentiate their products, possibly utilizing the personalization and customization technologies discussed earlier.Buyers in a differentiated market face two types of search costs the cost of obtaining price information and the cost of obtaining information about the product characteristics of a sellers offering. If sellers can control the type of electronic market introduced, they should favor a system emphasizing product information rather than price-shopping. COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM August 1998/Vol. 41, No. 8 41 A key variable for such a system is the cost of product information relative to the cost of price information about the product. For instance, an electronic marketplace designed to promote priceshopping makes it easy to compare price information, but might still require a higher-cost inquiry (such as a visit) to obtain detailed product information.For example, a buyer looking for a computer monitor on the Internet can easily compare prices from a large number of sellers, but then must obtain and evaluate the monitors specifications, assess the sellers reputations and return policies, and ideally locate a display model at a showroom or at a colleagues office. By contrast, an electronic marketplace can be designed to promote competition based on product features. For example, high-quality multimedia product descriptions in standardized formats could help identify product offerings matching the buyers preferences, while price information could be left out of these descriptions or could be obscured by offering a large number of prices and making it difficult for the buyers to figure out which price actually applies. tained as electronic intermediaries gain a significant market share. Instead, the physical experience component might be unbundled to a physical intermediary.Auto-by-Tel, for example, may pay a fee to the intermediary where the test drive took place, a service that could be provided by a traditional dealership, but also by a specialized showroom or a car rental company. Internet-based electronic marketplaces are still at a formative stage, and it is hard to fully predict their impact on the structure of markets. However it is becoming clear that they will promote greater economic efficiency, and help sustain economic growth. In the process, they are creating major transformations, full of strategic opportunities for intermediaries ready to compete by adding value for buyers and sellers rather than by exploiting information asymmetries.References 1. Arthur, B. Increasing returns and the new world of business. Harvard Business Rev. , (JulyAug. 1996), degree centigrade109. 2. Bailey, J. and Bakos, Y. An exploratory study of the emerging role of electronic intermediaries. International J. Electronic Comm erce 1, 3 (Spring 1997).3. Bailey, J. and Brynjolfsson, E. In search of friction-free markets An exploratory analysis of prices for books, CDs and software sold on the Internet. In Proceedings of the 25th Telecommunications Policy Research Conference (Alexandria, VA, Sept. 1997). www. stern. nyu. edu/bakos/big. pdf.

Best Buy Failure in China (International Business) Essay

In the world today, there atomic number 18 many companies getting involved in supranational business, and developing to become a international confederation. Why do these firms want to take the multinational route? One of the dominant frameworks to explain the existence of these multinational companies is the Ownership-Location-Internalisation (OLI) paradigm (Dunning & Lundan 2008).Running an international business is different from running a domestic business. International business requires you to recognise and understand the cultural differences betwixt countries. failing to recognise and understand this difference could possibly lead to many difficulties, or worse still, failure. In this essay, I forget be discussing the difficulties that trounce deprave Co. Inc. faced, and its eventual(prenominal) failure due to the wish of understanding of the cultural differences in its legion country, china.The rise of China has matured into hope for the entire consumer electronics industry. The countrys 1.3 one one million million million consumers and their fast increasing buy power have transformed China into the worlds largest consumer electronics market, a market opportunity that multinational fiends cannot afford to disuse (Chen & He 2005). As such, Best procure was just one of the many multinational companies that attempt to enter the Chinese market.Best secure Co. Inc.Best Buy is a multinational retailer of consumer electronics from the united States and operates in the United Kingdom, Canada, Turkey, Mexico, China as well as its home country. Started as the Sound of Music in 1966 as an audio specialty keep by Richard M. Schulze, it was later changed to Best Buy Co., Inc. by the board of directors in 1983 and is now the leading consumer electronics retailer in the United States (Pederson 2004). Best Buy sells consumer electronics as well as a wide selection of related merchandise such as music, mobile phones, information processing systems, computer software, DVDs, Blu-ray discs, video games, digital cameras, video cameras as well as home appliances.The multinational used a two-track approach to enter the Chinese market. The consumer electronics giant premier(prenominal) abrupted a sourcing shoes in Shanghai in 2005 and began its efforts to expand into the Chinese market in May 2006 by foreign learnedness. The multinational invested $108 million to obtain a majority stake in Chinas fourth largest consumer electronics retailer, Jiangsu cinque Star Appliance (Bloomberg 2006). Soon after in celestial latitude 2006, the gild used the greenfield mode of adit and opened its first Best Buy butt in that followed their own US business model, in Shanghais busy Xujiahui shop district.By imposing a US business model, Best Buy intended to convince fastidious Chinese customers with helpful and reliable service in clean, pleasant outlets. The chairman and general manager of Best Buy China, Lu Weiming declared that they were confident with the store model they had, which will narrow them from competitors and consequently help them win the consumers heart (Kurtenbach 2006). The company later opened another eight stores, which increased the total number of Best Buy stores in China to nine.Problem IdentificationAccording to the China Daily on March 21, 2011, Jiangsu Five Star Appliance continued to expand. However, Best Buys expansion was slow and was not running as smoothly as anticipated. The multinational brought in a Western business model and it failed to sufficiently decoy the Chinese clients and customers, said Chen Can, a senior analyst from Analysys International (China Daily 2011).Best Buys business model in the US, where the dent markets itself as delivering a better service than competitors, did not go well in China. After being in the Chinese market for five years, the company only managed to open nine stores, capturing less than one per cent of the Chinese market as according to analysts. Failing to catch on in the Asian country, the company decided in February, 2011, to close its headquarters along with exclusively its nine stores (Birchall, Strauss & Waldmeir 2011).Causes of the problemEven though the company opened a sourcing office in 2005, the multinational still had a lot to learn just about the Chinese and the focusing they did business. The lesson we learned is that we got too far ahead of the Chinese consumer in how business is done in China, said Brian Dunn, Best Buys Chief Executive (Groth 2011). He said the companys mistake had been to open big box stores with fixed prices that were staffed entirely by Best Buys blue-shirted employees (Jopson & Waldmeir 2011). Clearly, Best Buy entered the Chinese market in 2006 with a lack of fellowship of the local consumers culture.International strategy is a strategy where the firm uses the core competency, which it developed at home, as its main competitive weapon in the foreign market (Sumantra & Nitin 1993). This is the strategy which Best Buy used. The company did not enter China with the intention to hire local talent who knew how to be successful in China. Rather, it entered the country intending to create talent that knew how to be successful in the United States ( hug drug 2011). When the multinational first entered the Chinese market, many people hoped that it would successfully replace the prevailing, yet widely criticised Chinese business model that focused on price-centred competition (Ni 2011).Imposing their core competency in the US model, the company offered a concept ahead of the consumer, said retail analyst Paul French of Access Asia which was based in Shanghai (Macleod 2011). Best Buy erects a premium shopping experience for its consumers, to which the Chinese consumers were ultimately not willing to pay for (Jopson 2011).Consumers in China are generally different from consumers in the United States. Wei and Salil (2010) stated that the Chinese consumers have a higher c ognitive age cognition, lower levels of physical health status and lower life satisfaction levels as compared to their American counterparts. Eastman et. al. (1997) conducted a study and found that there were statistically significant differences between the two, such that Chinese consumers were more materialistic than those in the United States. Eastmans research was later backed up by Schmitts (1999) studies. In addition, Schmitt found that the Chinese consumers were more shit conscious and would go shopping with brands as a key influencing factor.The cross-cultural study above is just one of the reasons as to why Best Buy failed to attract consumers in China. For instance, the companys store in China generally divides up electronics and other large-ticket items by category (Birchall, Strauss & Waldmeir 2011). However, the Chinese are inclined to put more faith in brand names than consumers in the US do. Due to this reliance on brands as a deciding factor, the Chinese consumer w ould generally prefer items in the store to be categorised according to their make rather than function.Another cause of the companys failure in attracting Chinese customers lies in the fact that all sales staff in the store were the companys direct employees who donned the ubiquitous blue Best Buy uniform. This was a stark difference to the setting in typical Chinese outlets, where consumers were alter to subsections of electronics stores being manned by the manufacturers own employees, who were also able to offer specialist knowledge (Jopson 2011).At the same time, Best Buys market research showed that Chinese consumers liked to try out new products. While this was true, what eventually happened was that the Chinese shoppers would first go to Best Buy to try out products, before promptly marching across the street to one of the other Chinese retailers and buying the said product for less (Adam 2011). This was partly due to the pricing in Best Buy stores, which was based on a fix ed-price policy (Jopson 2011) and only served to crowd the Chinese consumer even further away. As stated by Montlake (2006), bargaining is a way of life in China. Chinese consumers like bargaining and they are used to negotiating with the salesperson to get a discount, which was not an option in Best Buy.Not only is bargaining not an option, the prices at Best Buy were also set at a premium as it followed the companys US model of offering high-quality service and a better shopping experience to consumers, such as the opportunity to try products before making a purchase. However, that did not seem to suit the immature Chinese market really well (Ni 2011). Purchasing decisions made by Chinese consumers are determined by price and not service (Birchall, Strauss & Waldmeir 2011). At the same time, Chinese consumers had the perception that Gome and Suning, two of Best Buys biggest competitors, were able to under cut Best Buys prices significantly (Adam 2011).Chinese consumers care mor e about price than service (DAltorio 2011). The Chinese do not penny-pinch and save because they like to, but because they have to. They voluntarily tax themselves so as to cherish against the absence of a welfare safety net. If a Chinese consumer gets old, he will need that money to survive, since state pensions remain inadequate. As his parents age, he will need to support his elders, especially since he is likely to be their only child, a result of the countrys one child policy. This reality is what perpetuates and engenders the low-cost, bargain basement Chinese retail environment (French 2007).To top it off, Best Buys choice of a Chinese name left many consumers m utilize over its decision. A country steeped in traditions and superstitions, many Chinese consumers commented that the companys Chinese name, Bai Si Mai, was a bad one as it literally meant to buy after thinking 100 times (Ni 2011).Overall, the companys business model, like its Chinese name, showed a lack of underst anding for the Chinese culture. It tried too hard to educate Chinese consumers about high-end service value when lower prices were typically the only value that motivated them to make quick decisions. The consumer electronics giants overconfidence in transforming the Chinese consumer philosophy finally hurt its performance in the Chinese market. Maintaining only a small market movement in China, Best Buy not only failed to please its consumers, but its suppliers too, who did not receive many orders from the company (Ni 2011).Proposed SolutionsThere are huge cross-cultural differences between the US and China. Therefore, one change I will make if I was Best Buy is to take up a multi-domestic strategy preferably of the international strategy adopted by the company. Multi-domestic strategies involve a high degree of customisation to the local market place (Hout, Porter & Rudden 1982). This is important, noting the huge cultural offend between the China and the US. Hill, Hwang and Ch an (1990) also stated that a multi-domestic strategy is based on the belief that national markets differ widely with regard to consumer preferences and taste, competitive conditions, operate conditions and social structures.According to organisational capabilities theory, in order to leverage its competitive advantages in the foreign market, an enterprise must understand its business environments and adapt its operation modes to the host country (Xu, Hu & Fan 2011). This is also in line with the multi-domestic strategy, to which Anne-Wil (2002) has highlighted the need of multi-domestic companies to deal with markets where products tailored to local circumstances are required and to be able to do so, companies need to be well aware of the local market and be well-integrated into it. This can be easier achieved by acquiring an existing company that possesses a lettered work force and good connections in the local market.As such, the mode of entry decided upon by a multinational is a critical and strategical decision. To support the multi-domestic strategy and aligning with conditions in China, I will still first enter the Chinese market victimisation foreign acquisition. Foreign acquisition involves having to invest in a local firm and in this case, I will be investing in Jiangsu Five Star Appliance.Acquiring Jiangsu Five Star Appliance will create access to local resources as well as knowledge of the Chinese retail environment within a much shorter span of time (Cristina & Garcia-Canal 2004). Acquisition is also a more effective way of exploiting foreign resources and markets as compared to joint ventures or licensing, as back up by the transaction cost theory (Hennart 2010).Tapping on the knowledge and expertise of Jiangsu Five Star Appliance, I will then use the greenfield method, which is the setting up of a new company legally independent from parents, to set up a Best Buy store in China (Cristina & Garcia-Canal 2004). By using a multi-domestic strate gy, the management seen in the greenfield approach will be more similar to that of acquisitions (Anne-Wil 2002).The consequent Best Buy outlets will then be managed and accustomed to the Chinese market. For instance, as most Chinese consumers shop by brands, the store will therefore be segregated by brands rather than product category. Sections of the store will also be rented out to brand manufacturers and their designated areas will be staffed with their own sales team, so that consumers can receive specialised knowledge as well as bargain for a lower price.The store will not be carpeted or provide services like allowing consumers to render out the product before purchase. This is to prevent the Chinese consumers from having the perception that the store is pricier as compared to competitors, especially since China is a highly price-conscious market. As French (2007) aptly stated, win on price and you win, period. It is therefore of utmost importance to have a lower price as comp ared to competitors.In order to provide lower prices, I will acquire the real estate, instead of renting or leasing the property like my two biggest competitors Gome and Suning do. This will provide me with a coarse advantage as I can lower rental prices for the manufacturers, who can then pass the accumulated savings down to the Chinese consumers.Noting the Chinese antipathy to inauspicious names, I will also conduct sufficient research and preparation into choosing a Chinese name for the store before its opening. Instead of using a direct sound conversion of the brand name like Bai Si Mai, I will translate the brand name by import instead, such as Zui Hao Mai. This literally means best buy, and doubles up as a call that encourages consumers not to miss out on a deal.ConclusionIn conclusion, China is a huge and growing market with tonnes of opportunities that multinationals cannot afford to neglect. However, there is a huge cultural divide between China and countries from the wes t like the United States. Entering the Chinese market will require multinationals to recognise and understand the cultural difference between their mother country and the Chinese market.Best Buy failed in China due to a lack of knowledge and understanding of cross-cultural differences. Although the company chose the correct mode of entry by first using foreign acquisition followed by the greenfield approach, it failed because it adopted an international strategy thinking that Chinese consumers will welcome the same offerings that polish its core competency in the US value-added service.Thinking it could import its success in the US to China by focusing on the same areas, Best Buys targeted service approach failed to take off in a climate governed by financial sensitivity. While focusing on providing consumers with a great shopping experience, the company failed to consider a fundamental portion of the retail environment price, which affects Chinese consumers much more than servi ce.To improve on this situation, I would first enter the Chinese market through foreign acquisition, so that I may gain access to knowledge about the culture in China before starting on the greenfield route. However, instead of using an international strategy, I will opt for the multi-domestic strategy by adapting my operations towards the needs of Chinese consumers.This would circumvent the issues that led to the companys downfall in China. Due to the countrys rich traditions, its people are habitual and tend to unsure away from the unfamiliar. Should Best Buy have chosen to use a multi-domestic strategy, it would have realised the need to customise its offerings in accordance to local tastes and susceptibility have gone on to capture a larger share of Chinas consumer electronics market. book of facts totalAdam, M. 2011, Bye-Bye, Best Buy (China) You had it coming, Adam Minter of Shanghai Scrap, 22 February, Viewed 22 rarefied 2012, Anne-Wil, H. 2002, Acquisitions versus Greenf ield investments International strategy and management of entry modes, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 211-227.Birchall, J., Strauss, D. & Waldmeir, P. 2011, Best Buy brand shuts up shop in China and Turkey, London (UK), United Kingdom, London (UK).Bloomberg 2006, Best Buy chain on road to China, Tulsa, Okla., Tulsa, Okla.Chen, X. & He, Z. 2005, Understanding the Structure of Chinas Consumer Electronics Market An Empirical Investigation of Its Consumer Segments, Multinational Business Review, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 43-61, viewed 15 August 2012, Proquest database.China Daily 2011, Best Buy seeks the best way to survive, China Daily, 21 March, (Business section), Viewed 20 August 2012, Cristina, L.D. & Garcia-Canal, E. 2004, The Choice Between Joint Ventures and Acquisitions in Foreign Direct Investments The Role of Partial Acquisitions and Accrued come, Thunderbird International Business Review, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 39-58.DAltorio, T. 2011, How the Chinese Consumer Def eated Best Buy, Investment U interrogation, 10 March, Viewed 22 August 2012, Reference ListDunning, J.H. & Lundan, S.M. 2008, Institutions and the OLI paradigm of the multinational enterprise, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 573-593.Eastman, J.K., Fredenberger, B., Campbell, D. & Calvert, S., The Relationship Between Status Consumption and Materialism A Cross-Cultural Comparison Of Chinese, Mexican, And American Students., Journal of marketing Theory & Practice, Winter97, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 52.French, P. 2007, When the Best Buy Is No Buy, The Wall Street Journal Asia, 07 August, United States, Hong Kong.Groth, A. 2011, Why Best Buys Overseas Strategy is Failing, Business Insider, 04 November, Viewed 22 August 2012. .Hennart, J. 2010, Transaction Cost Theory and International Business, Journal of Retailing, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 257-269.Hill, C.W., Hwang, P. & Chan, K.W. 1990, An eclectic Theory of the Choice of International Entry Mode, Strategic Management Journal (1986-1998), vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 117-117.Hout, T., Porter, M. E., Rudden, E. 1982, How Global Companies Win Out, Harvard Business Review, viewed 25 August 2012, .Jopson, B. 2011, Best Buy seeks ways to return brand to China, FT.comJopson, B. & Waldmeir, P., 2011, Best Buy seeks ways to return brand to China, London (UK), United Kingdom, London (UK)Reference ListKurtenbach, E. 2006, Best Buy opens store in China Top U.S. electronics retailer to offer wide array, better service, Memphis, Tenn., United States, Memphis, Tenn.MacLeod, C. 2011, Best Buy, Home terminus find China market a tough sell, McLean, Va., United States, McLean, Va.Montlake S. 2006, Chinas newest shopping craze team buying More and more consumers advert online before banding together at stores to bargain down prices, The Christian Science Monitor, Boston, Mass., United States.Ni, V. 2011, Best Buys Withdrawal American morals Fail to Transcend Chinese Consumer Market, Asia Briefing Ltd., viewed 20 August 201. http//www.china-briefing.com/news/2011/03/02/best-buys-withdrawal-american-morals-fail-to-transcend-chinese-consumer-market.html.Pederson, J.P. 2004, International directory of company histories, St. James Press.Schmitt, B. H. 1999, Consumer Segmentation in China, In Marketing Issues in Transitional Economies, Rajeev Batra eds. Norwood, MA Kluwer Academic Publishers.Sumantra, G. & Nitin, N., Horses for courses Organizational forms for multicultural corporations, Sloan Management Review, pp. 27, 31.Wei, Y. & Salil, T., 2010, Materialism of Mature Consumers in China and USA A Cross-Cultural accept, Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies, vol. 2, pp. 1-14, viewed 15 August 2012, ProQuest Central.Xu, Y., Hu, S. & Fan, X. 2011, Entry mode choice of Chinese enterprises The impacts of country risk, cultural distance and their interactions, Frontiers of Business Research in China, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 63-78.