An Analysis of To Have without Holding by Marge Piercy Essay -- To Hav

An outline of To Have without keep goinging by Marge Piercy The poem To Have without Holding, by Marge Piercy, is about the speaker trying to posit the conflict mingled with her preconceived notion of a personal relationship with present reality. Her partner, whom she must(prenominal) feel worth the pain and effort, appargonntly has a more gravid and open approach, which causes her to feel insecure. The poem expresses, using metaphor, simile, and symbolism, the speakers discomfort at a point in time in this emotionally unbalanced relationship. She defines, explains, and personalizes her rig in the relationship from a unique and unsettling perspective, while providing a varan that preconceived notions must eventually be evaluated against ones growing library of a posteriori evidence obtained, often painfully, via real life experience.She defines her idea of what is right in a relationship by describing how hard and painful it is for her to stray from that exemplification in this instance. As the poem evolves, one can begin to put one over the author having a conflict with values, while simultaneously expressing which values are hers and which are unnatural to her. She accomplishes this accounting of values by personalizing her position in a somewhat unsettling way throughout the poem.I was first haggard to the poem by the title. The interesting use of capitalization caught my attention. Why wasnt the letter w in the word without capitalized? Upon reading the poem initially, I got an overall word-painting of being made to feel awkward, though quite unsure as to why. I had the same impression once I felt I understood the whole poem, but from a completely different perspective. That relegate of clarity at differing resolutions is impressive in tha... ... other party seems nonchalant with all these emotional gymnastics. It seems she is making the compensations for now, though she openly questions the wisdom of this system for the future.This poem has captured a moment in time of a dynamic, tentative, and uncomfortable relationship as it is evolving. The author, having shared her thoughts, concerns, and opinion of the other partys unchanging interpretation of the relationship, must surely have gone on to somehow reconcile the situation to her own satisfaction. She relishes the work entailed in changing either of them, perhaps.Hence, the nonaged w in the title. Its absence serves as a prominence to call for that the point of this poem is about being uncomfortable with the Having of a tangible relationship without the mutual desire for commitment and security, the moral authority to Hold that she craves.

KILLER ANGELS :: essays research papers

This track records subject matter was that the S out(a)h was not an evil empire history made it out to be.The book portraits slavery as the major reason the civil warfare was started. The confederation was against freeing the slaves, and the North fought for the latter. The book also adduced that the southwest was dependent on the slaves and fought to keep their society enact. Killer Angels was informative, very fascinating, and I disliked it. I learned many things from it. I learned from the book that the Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the Civil War. Before the battle of Gettysburg the South had won most major battles. Gettysburg is defined as a major victory in the war for the North. The attractive of this battle gave the North pulsing as defined in the book resulting in the North winning virtually every battle for the next two years. The Battle of Gettysburg saliently depleted ammunition and soldiers from both armies because of the Norths industrialization they were adequate to(p) to replace men and ammunition faster than the South giving them a grater advantage. The book portrayed Confederate full general Robert E. Lee as an adroit whos opinion of slavery was not partisan or predigest, simply he believed that in the present state of their development they were not in judgment of conviction able to coexist equally or civilized with Anglo America. The author focuses on General Lee. and whether or not his decision to leave the U.S. military and conglutination the Confederate Army was based upon selfish loyalty to a state flag. And the author comes to the conclusion that Lee was a hero of great character who stood by what he believed in. The book also portrayed General Lee narcissistically. His over confidence in his armys early(prenominal) victorys compelled him to order his army to charge the Norths army from and unfortified position, up a hill in order to set out control of a fortified position held by the North. And after im puissance numerous times he continued to do so. He flush ordered his armory to charge over more than a sea mile of open field, resulting in the systematic bombardment of his troops by the time the Souths army reached the Norths position their numbers racket were minute compared to the opposing armys. This book focused more on details and moods, save the tactics that were used in the early battle.

Ramses II’s Victory

The victory of Ramses II over the Khitas was probably one of the great stories of Egyptian literary works on war that had survived thousands of years to give to us, the present generation, the underlying truths on how the centuries-past generations of Egyptians had regarded their Pharaohs as a leader, a warrior, a general, and a man-god. WAR The poem starts with the king of Khita, together with his enormous armies and chariots, fit(p) in wait for an ambush on the Egyptian Pharaoh.He had his armies set apart into two groups, the first initiated a surprise attack on the host of Hormakhu, south of Kadesh, and successfully annihilated the Egyptian armies in that town who were non expecting such an attack (Halshall, 1998). Upon macrocosm informed of the tragedy that befell his troops, Ramses II readily readied himself for war, donning his weapons and armors, and galloping on his majestic horses.But soon he raise himself in the middle of the Hittite army completely surrounded and alone, in an impossible involution between 2,500 chariots against one (Halshall, 1998). Due perhaps to his imminent buck and utter helplessness, the Pharaoh-god called upon his deceased father for help. Enumerating the many glorious monuments, temples, shrines, and sacrificial offerings he had make for the glory of the deceased former god/Pharaoh Ammon, his father (Poem of Pentaur, 2003). And observe Ammon had heard his cry from the temple of Hermonthis and had come for his beloved son for help. With forte as the sun-god Ra, and arms as strong as hundreds of thousands of men, Ammon found grace in Ramses IIs valor and bravery, and allowed for Ramses II to function Ammons god-strength in defeating the Hittites. And when Ramses II, alone except for his charioteer, Menna, finally assaulted the 2,500 strong enemy, the absolute Khita army, together with their king, were stunned, frozen with fear, unable to wield their sword and spear, for Ramses II fought with the life sentence of a god.And when the day had come to pass, Egypts Pharaoh was able to slay separately and every army of the Khita. No one was able to escape alive, to each one and everyone was fell by the Pharaoh. Propagandistic Element The Battle of Kadesh, as write by the ancient Egyptian authorities during Ramses reign, was a literature made for propagandistic propose. Perhaps the rulers aim, other than for the citizens assertion of their touch of the Pharaoh as a god-man, was also to use this as a mental tool on other nations against planning an invasion against Egypt.These types of exploits of Egypts Pharaohs being engraved on the walls of temples further amplify the effect of invincibility and immortality of the rulers of Egypt, by making it as a monument for all nations to see. Such is the study in one of the walls (Fig. 1. 1) where Egyptian chariotry is engaged in a battle between Hittite foot soldiers, when in actuality based on facts, it had been Hittites usage to do battle using c hariots (Battle of Kadesh, 2003).Thus, using politics in insist control and obedience over the populace, as well as in warfare, rulers of ancient kingdoms often relied on exaggerated literature on war-victories as a means in achieving these. In the modern history, we have witnessed alike(p) propagandistic methods used by governments, usually in defense of its purpose in declaring war Hitlers Arian race ideology, Marxs and Lenins Russian Proletariat Revolution, the Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Vietnam War, Desert Storm, and so forth. Almost always, the power saw that goes, the victors write history, is appropriate.

Ethics Answers Essay

1)         Yes, I agree with Em worldly concernkinduel Kant. It is said that a mans worth is measured by how much he helped others to save their burdens, and acted with compassion for the well-being of the majority. But first, he must preserve his haleness and self-respect before he can serve his fellow man. As Kant stated, one who transgresses against himself loss his manliness and becomes incapable of doing his duty towards his fellows. The most alpha duty to us is the preservation of ones life and dignity.            2)         Yes. Certainly, suicide is abominable. And Kants arguments against suicide are very convincing and tenable. We, as humankind beings, are vested with the gift of willpower, the freedom to choose things that make us expert and contented. It would be a waste if this willpower is used as a means to destroy ones very life. Suicide defeats the plan of what makes us human, that is to serve others and dignify ones life.            3)         In this instance, the instance lost his self-worth in two ways one, by accepting bribe, and the hour by being drunk. Because a mans worth is by doing his moral duty to himself and others, this duty would not be attained because he transgresses against himself. Kant observed that he who transgresses against himself loses his manliness and become incapable of doing his duty towards his fellows. A man who fails in his duty to himself loses worth absolutely.            4)         Worth in Emmanuel Kants concept is the capacity of an individual to perform his moral duties to himself and others. It is a mans over-all personality. Thus, a man who has destroyed and cast away his personality, has no intrinsic worth, and can no longer perform any wa y of duty to himself and to his fellow human being.

Disadvantages of monopoly Essay

high damages and lower output Monopolies often mean that prices provide be higher and output lower than is the case for an industry where rivalry prevails. Firms in one industry are producing under conditions of perfect competition, speckle the other firm is operating under conditions of monopoly. The costs of production are the same for each industry. Excess profits High profits do by the monopoliser are not necessarily an indication of efficacious methods of production. The monopolist may, in fact, be using its market power to dress down prices above marginal costs in order to increase its revenues. Higher costs and x-inefficiencies Under competition, firms strive to minimize their inputs to produce a given(p) level of output. Firms do not necessarily have to produce at the minimum efficient exfoliation to be technically efficient, as dour as they produce at the net costs for their given scale of output. Firms which produce on the average cost curve are technically efficient or x-efficient. In other words, they produce at the lowest cost possible given their respective sizes. Competition normally implies that firms allow for be x-efficient.However, if firms are insulated from competition, as is the case for monopoly, then there is little incentive to minimize costs. Firms may instead adopt expense penchant behavior by investing in activities to maximize the satisfaction of senior(a) managers, at the subsequent sacrifice of profitability. Price discrimination Monopolists as sole suppliers can discriminate between different groups of customers ( ground on their respective catchs of demand) separated into different geographic or product segments. A monopolist can practice price discrimination in several(prenominal) ways First-degree price discrimination.Often referred to as perfect price discrimination, this involves the monopolist charging each customer what he or she is willing to pay for a given product. By doing this the monopolist c an increase revenue and gnaw at any consumer surplus which consumers might enjoy. Second-degree price discrimination. The monopolist charges customers different prices based on their usage. In other words, consumers might be charged a high price for initial usage, but lower prices for subsequent units consumed. This oddball of pricing has been used in industries such as electricity, gas, water and telephony. Third-degree price discrimination. In this case, the monopolist separates customers into markets based on different demand shots. Customers with inelastic demand are charged higher prices than those with elastic demand. limiting practices Monopolists often use unfair practices to keep potential rivals out of the market. pull down if rivals are successful in entering the market, the monopolist may discern to eliminate these firms by various restrictive price and non-price strategies such as predatory pricing and vertical restraints. Limited technical progress close to ev idence suggests that technical progress is often slow when a wiz firm or group of firms dominates an industry. As they face no existent competitive pressures, monopolists are under no real pressure to buy the farm any abnormal profits earned on research and victimisation of new product and processes, which is often seen as a risky investment. Consequently, technical progress in these industries is likely to be slow.Reference http//classof1. com/homework-help/economics-homework-help/.

How Consumer Insight Are Shaping Companies in India Essay

Customer is King is an adage that most companies cross appearances the globe have embraced. The need to concentrate on customers and be antiphonary to their demands has long been ac associationd by organizations. However, with globalisation and technological revolution the kinetics of business, the meaning of customer and mart knowledge have all undergone a transformation.Today, the customer is the controlling factor in business and to be grocery store-driven, an geological formation has to evolve a culture that constantly listens to the customer, analyses competition and has strategies that meet existing, anticipate and even unanticipated needs of the customer. Going one step further, organizations must(prenominal) focus on customer relationship management which has given way to customer knowledge management. Given the international environment and knowledge sparing, market and customer intelligence serves as a core competency and a principal source of competitive advantage. Leading by listening a lot all success story in todays incarnate realm reflects how awareness of customer needs shapes competitive business strategy. lets look at some examples. Procter & Gamble When P&G, the largest consumer goods company in the world, chose to offer its products to the lower income customer in developing countries, it had research teams associating with the poorest of homes for weeks. This gave the company valuable insights, which aided the company in creating a range of products that suited the pockets of this segment, enabling it to gain substantial market share. Amazon.comAmazon.com, the first e-retailer of books in the world, succeed competitive advantage by acclivitous as book lovers forum where they could also share knowledge. It maintains customer knowledge through services such as book reviews, access to nine histories and product recommendations based on preceding orders. Consequently, Amazon has recorded more(prenominal) than 70% repeat orde rs from its customers. Mahindra & MahindraMahindra & Mahindras SUV, Scorpio, has experienced fantastic success in domestic and international markets. The positioning of Scorpio as an economy SUV was centered on the findings of extensive market visits and exploration of customer needs. The customer needs and wants ascertained were transformed into product specifications for Scorpio. Customer groups were consulted at every stage of design and product development. Scorpio was designated as the Car of the Year by BBC on Wheels shortly after its launch. Indian RailwaysThe amazing transformation of Indian Railways from what was termed as a white elephant to a profit making entity in less than two years has caught the attention of Indian and foreign faculty member and corporate establishments. This turnaround was not owing to any high-end technology alone to a modest information means the passenger feedback form. Data attained from these forms was analysed to identify customer ex pectations from the Railways. This was supported by a study of the trounce railways worldwide, and benchmarking with other transportations such as roadways and airlines. The outcome was a complete renovation of trains, stations and railway services to render them passenger-friendly. Needless to say, customers welcomed this change.The above examples cotton up that it is vital to listen to customers for a success marketer-customer relationship, where the customer is not retributory a beneficiary, but a partner. Effective listening, together with strategic initiatives, dope bring about a happily-ever-after end to this association.

Cb Prepartions Essay

Social character traits nurture shown that inner and opposite-directed consumers may have different unsayences in terms of promotional messages. Inner-directed people prefer advertisements that stress individual(prenominal) benefits while other-directed people seem to prefer advertisements that have got social acceptance. (a) HIGHLY DOGMATIC CUSTOMERS It is a personality trait that measures the full stop of rigidity (versus openness) that individuals display towards strange and towards study that is reversal to their own completed beliefs. Dogmatism general leadency to be open or disagreeable to forward-looking ideas and innovations.A person who is high in dogmatism approaches the unfamiliar defensively while the person who is low in dogmatism for travel r bely consider unfamiliar or opposing beliefs. * more(prenominal) undefendable is Ads for new harvest-festivals or services that contains an appeal from the of import figure. Marketer uses celebrities and expert s to their new product advertising for making it easier for the potentially reluctant customers. * Highly tyrannical consumers atomic number 18 likely to respond favorably to a new product when the advertising message is presented in an authoritarian manner (e. g. celebrity secondment or expert testimonials). * prefer traditional or established products kind of than innovative ones. close minded towards unfamiliar and untoward information that is contrary to their own established beliefs * approach such information with considerable provocation and uncertainty. promotional message most suitable would be endorsement or appeal from an authoritative figure. * New products need to be presented in an authoritative manner and that celebrities could be employed to reach dogmatic consumers who are more closed minded. For example Colgate Dental Cream with Doctors and Experts endorsements. Anti-Polio Campaign featuring Amitabh and Sachin Tendulkar also useAuthoritative statements. The Ca dburys brand took a beatng in sales after the worms were found in somepackets. Dogmatic Consumers stopped purchasing the Brand. Amitabh Bacchhanwas then used as power figure to reestablish Brand. b) Inner-directed consumers * tend to use their own set and standards in evaluating a new product * ads aimed at them should depict the attainment of personal achievement and satisfaction. ads that stress product features and benefits, which enable them to usetheir own values and standards in evaluating products * rely on their own inner values or standards in evaluating new products and are likely to be the consumer innovators. * other directed customers tend to look to others for guidance as to what is appropriate or what is inappropriate. * be prefer ads that stress product features and personal benefits ( enabling them to use their own values and standards in evaluating products whereas the other * For example Surf Ad showing Shabana Azmi sparing two buckets of urine is an example o f the same.The latest from Surf Excel is soon cart track on television. This is the ad where many people are seen walking with two buckets full of water. They then pour it into a large reservoir. At this stratum none other than Shabana Azmi informs you what a great thing thissaving of water is for the country and implores you to use Surf Excel. * manufacturer of cameras who advertises to inner-directed consumers should stress the ability to take better pictures and the resulting personal satisfaction. c) Consumers with a high optimum stimulation direct * more open to risk-taking, more likely to be innovative have a greater willingness to take risks, try products with many novel features, and snitch in new retail outlets. * likely to respond favorably to promotional messages stressing more rather than less risk, novelty,or excitement. * to seek purchase related information and to accept new retail facilities. * For example The exciting and exotic pass Campaign of Malasia-Truly Asia is positioning of Airways to sell the Asian Adventures. These enjoy thinking. They are responsive to that part of Ad that is rich in Information.The individuals representing this group are swaggering and a great deal related to entrepreneurial environments. The innovators run the risk that the innovation does not catch on, and thus subject themselves to a potential loss they mustiness be prepared to absorb. Therefore innovators have to live with the uncertainty approximately the potentials of the engineering, which can be viewed upon as the price to pay for being pioneers in a new field catalyzing the diffusion of new technologies.The beforehand(predicate) sweepers are ready to adopt a new technology when they observe that other individuals has started adopting, and sees the potential for being some of the first adopters of a new and vivid technology. These individuals are often a more integrated part of the local anaesthetic society than the innovators, and thei r adoptions are crucial for the technology to take off and train hold of the broad public. For the early adopters the uncertainties active the merits of the new technology are strongly diminished, and can therefore adopt the new technology without running the risk of buying a young and untested technology.This group accounts for about one third of the total number of adopters, and provide the link mingled with the progressive early adopters and the more skeptical later adopters. In the latter(prenominal) half of the spectrum the late majority also represent about a third of the adopters. This group is skeptical to new innovations, and is not willing to adopt, until a lot of other people have adopted before them ensuring the victor of the technology and possibly massive network effects. The last 16 % of the adopters, the laggards, often focus on traditional values and base their decisions on noncurrent events.They are suspicious of any new inventions to change the way lifetime are traditionally lived, and must be 100 % certain that the technology will prevail before they are willing to adopt. From a consumers point of view it is essential to think about the decisions of future adopters when choosing what technology to go with. The decisions of previous adopters are on the other hand a fuck factor and plays a role for the decision also. So does the structure of the market, i. e. which technologies are procurable at the time of adoption, compared to potential superior technologies that could be available in the future.Recent findings indicate that there is a lack of willingness to face by the early adopters. 11 This high priority of being among the very(prenominal) first users of a new technology is said to inflict minus externalities on the later adopters. These later adopters can be forced to adopt an inferior technology to make sure that they are compatible with the technologies of the early adopters, or they might be forced to give up compatibilit y to get a superior technology. That said the diffusion of new technologies is often strongly dependent on the choices of the early adopters.

Case Study Analysis Essay

The effort study I chose to evaluate was Oak Brook checkup Systems, Inc. The manager, Jackie, is know as a no nonsense kind of manager who is assign with large increases in business accounts resulting in a $40 one million million million dollar addition to the bodily bottom line. She is a valuable corporate asset but has considerable communication let gos with staff members. This is a so c totallyed armchair case study that is based on the fictional documentation produced by ORourke in case 10-1 (2010)Business ProblemPart of the caper faced by Oak Brook Medical Systems is Jackie. She is difficult to declare with and on occasion, makes other staff members incur their contribution to the welfare of the family is less important than her own. Workers feel unappreciated and Jackie is sometimes short hard-boiled and condescending toward her coworkers and subordinates. Jackie believes the answer to be no more than than a hurdle that has been faced by many who went before her. She believes that the issues with her subordinates are no varied than those faced by e very manager or superior, not suspecting that the issue may actually lie with her.From Jackies perspective, the staff problems are collectible in part to her race. Jackie is of African American descent and, as such, is possibly a little more observant of peoples military position toward her than other employees would be. She is beginning to believe that the fraternity may prefer to adopt a non-black in the position she currently holds and would rather she not amelioratement any further with the order. Jackie has known nothing but success in her life and is having difficulty recognizing hurdle to publicity because she has not faced disappointment in her past. She cannot understand the reason she is not progressing more within the company and does not consider her communication issues with fellow staff members as anything more than a nuisance to her advancement.The business problem for Oak Brooke Medical Systems is how to improve communication between staff members and prevent Jackie from demeaning her subordinates by her very direct approach to management.Critical IssuesThe issues faced by Oak Brooke Medical Systems, Inc., are related to communication and human resources. If staff feels they have no support in dealing with an overly aggressive manager, the company testament lose vital talent and the creativity of the remaining members may be inadvertently subdued by fear or perceived bullying. The release of current staff members could pose a long-term problem for the company as attracting and cultivating talented team members is costly and time consuming.If Jackie can extirpate one or more of the other members of the team by her aggressive managerial perspective, she may ultimately cost the company more than she recalls in revenue. Jackie is also a talented team member but tends to requisite to play alone and seldom seeks the approval of other staff membe rs. She has a direct approach to management and can steam-roller over others to reach her goal. She is African American and this will ultimately become an issue should the company try to discipline her for unacceptable behavior. In the short term, Jackie believes her color is hindering her advancement within the company.Possible SolutionsJackie is exceptional at producing profits for the company. If Oak Brooke was unforced to invest further in Jackie and provide some cultural culture and sensitivity classes she may benefit. If Jackie can make other team members feel their contribution is important and indeed welcome, she may be able to generate a wave of support rather than create an unpalatable repugnance in the body of work (Vlachoutsicos, 2011).Staff members may also benefit from cultural training and perhaps they would be more accepting of Jackies stance with regard to upward mobility in the corporation. IF team members understood the perceived hurdles Jackie faced in her work, they may be able to accommodate middling more than they are currently able to.Meetings to openly discuss issues that staff have with Jackie and vice versa, may be all that it takes to settle the workplace down to something more easily managed. According to ORourke (2010), we all referee people by a measuring to which we are accustomed and that standard is set by our experiences, values, education, and beliefs. Being able to recognize differences in the experiences of others is a big step toward building the bridges to successful communication.Racial prepossess is a two-way street and it should be made clear to all involved in the resolution that they must each understand the issue from the perspective of the other party or negotiations will be futile.ReferencesORourke, J. S. (2010). Management communication A case-analysis approach (4 ed.). UpperSaddle River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc.Vlachoutsicos, C. A. (2011). How to Cultivate Engaged Employees. Harvard Business Review, 89(9), 123-126.

Augustus: Establishment of the Principate

Establishment of the Principate pamphlet 1 Impact of the finale of Caesar Government of capital of Italy, under the commonwealth ?Senate governed capital of Italy ?Corsus Honorum- political ladder of offices Consul Praetor Political offices voted for by public Aedile Quaestor forces services- 10 years Impact on Octavian Treated him like a son, groomed him as heir, military experience Danger to O later death, assassinated for his dictatorial behaviour When he found out, he didnt go to Rome straight away (danger) wen to Italy In will, O had been named heir A. H. M jones- no danger to Oct only wanted to dislodge Rome of Caesar Return to Rome for heritage Reinforced position by raising two legions (5000 each)- veterans of retired Caesar, loyalty and closeness. Needs to match to C and memorialise why C make him heir (prove himself) We dont whop how he was feeling, but though that a furious hatred for the murderers of his good great uncle. When he was heir must have a respons ibility of vengeance Felt robbed of the hopes of a career under C bear As Caesars son he commanded support from soldiers and veterans Frosty reaction from Antony, who denied access to C fortune. O borrowed money to pay off C bequest to the Roman people and celebrate games increase issue. Filial godliness = loyalty to father, family and ancestors The games coinage with image of comet which confirms Caesars divine status do Oct divus filius son of god Impact on Rome Upset, C was pop by Rome Initially calm, C assassins expected normal regime to resume. Antony and Marcus Lepidus keeped untouched Assassins perceived him as dictator and threat to republic.After Rome was displace into turmoil for murdered, who had no future plans and though death would premise to restorations of the republic David Shotter- meant little more than the nobility would be free to resume their self- pampering(prenominal) lifestyle Left a power vacuum in Rome Political support- situation was unstable one side there were the supporters of the conspirators against Caesar, on the other side there were Caesars men (M+A) who had the people and the majority of the tribunes behind them. The question remained- what was to be done about murderers of Julius Caesar? Early career of Octavian Gaius Octavian was born on the 24th September 63BC into a wealthy and consider family Mother Atia, niece of Julius Caesar She later married th aristocratic L. Marcius Philippus who proved to be a good step father to Oct providing the young boy with a solid if rather old-fashioned education When 11 he gave a speech at his grandmothers, Julia, funeral Caesar was impressed with the boys abilities had him elect to the college of pontiffs and allowed him to take part in his African triumph when Oct was only 16 He was a dedicated boy who suffered bouts of illness throughout his life. nausea prevented him from going to Spain in 46, accompanying Caesar Although he soon followed even though still not feelin g well Caesar was impressed and was from then make his will in favour of Oct In preparation of his planning for the oppose against the Parthians, Caesar appointed Oct to his staff and sent him to Macedonia to complete his education and also assemble military training O took with him a friend, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, who until his death in 12BC was to remain Os loyal friend and supporter Oct attempts to secure is inheritance Didnt know that he was heir until returning from Italy Parents suggested that he shouldnt accept but he not only accepted, but changed hi name to Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus He now had to aims Avenge his fathers death Prove himself worthy of such a father As he moved around Italy, C veterans and friends welcomed him he would have to be chary to meet his ends Cicero did not trust him, he wrote in a earn to Atticus there are too many around him.They exist death to our friends and call the present state of affairs intolerable O received a cold and hostil e welcome from his fathers friend Marc Antony when he arrived Antony blocked O attempt to have his acceptation legalised and would not hand over Caesars money Oct borrowed money in order to honour fathers legacy gained him pop. and has games at his knowledge expense Antony probably didnt perceive O as a serious political rival Jones Octavians temporary collaboration with the Republicans cardinal broad categories republicans and CaesariansRepublicans Brutus and Cassius left for the due east to raise troops, Cicero returned to R to lead the senate against Antony Caesarians Antony fixed a siege to Brutus at Mutina, Oc rebuffed by Antony, appealed to Caesars veterans and seduced 2 of Antonys legions 43BC Cicero distinct to use Oct for a republican cause in doing so speaks favourably of him Raising an army like O did was illegal, however Cicero decided to look past this Oct number one consulship Defeated A in frog he was now an enemy (with republicans) Senate tried to disca rd Oct O established that now the republicans were in command, his fathers murderers that he would have to take vengeance He was consulship so that allowed him to gain leading position of the Caesarion party Senate and Cicero continued to dissent O demands used 400 centurions to march to anuran and demand that their commanding officer be given the consulship When this was resisted, O marched with Romes legions He was take in 43BC with his cousin Quintus Pedius they revoked the decree outlawing Antony and legalised the adoption Oct had achieved his immediate objectives Now be after to meet B+C in battle The Second Triumvirate Members Antony, Lepidus, Octavian tailfin years- length of appointment Purpose of alliance to set the state in order and to attack the republican armies of B+C in the east Power of T Absolute- pwers of a dictator without the name The right to shit all magistrates in advance Territory controlled A- Transalpine &038 Cisalpine Gaul, L-Narbonese Gaul &038 S pain, O- Africa, Sicily &038 Sardinia First task undertaken campaign of proscription ?Purpose? Confiscate estates in order to have money and land for the troops ? Destroy their enemies ?Results? ? cobblers last of 300 senators ?Inc. death of Cicero ?Escape republicans Further activities Julius Caesar fully deified, Lepidus appointed consul for 42, preparations made for A+O to face B+C in Macedonia elegant War action of Philippi, 42BC After proscriptions, a campaign made to avenge murder The Caesarion faction finally completes the avenging of the murder of Caesar Faction found itself in control of 60 legions Path to Civil War At first it seemed that A to control of the east. = rich in resources O received Italy (heart of the empire) Sextus base in Sicily Interfered with the trading in Italy grain supplies and resort hotel for opponents of the the T. Defeted Lucius Antonius, 41BC and Sextus Pompeius, 36BC Make an caseful of his control Argued that A was succumbing in relationsh ip with his mistress Cleopatra Republicans taken refuge with S, allowed them to return to Italy Showed the Roman virtues(merciful) Claimed credit for their rehabilitation Events provided material for O propaganda Undesirability of the union- A and chief victim was A wife and Os sister, Octavia Shotter says that Os marriage to Livia Drusilla was one of the most important decisions of his life Oct, attraction of Caesarion faction was now the Champion of the republicans The west were being prepared for a war that was not portrayed as the civil war Battle of Actium- Consequences and Significance Significance -O was now supreme ruler of the Roman ground -Egypt added to a new province of the Roman Empire Wealth was added -Victories lead the civil wars to a decisive end -29BC O closed the doors of the tabernacle of Janus in Rome new era of repose was brought to the empire seed 1- coin Proclaiming E has been taken Croc means that -Creation of financial stability -No bridal of exceptio nal honurs or powers -Use of propaganda to promote a new era of peace -No vengeance in the form of proscriptions exacted against enemies -Emphasis on interest in traditionalistic and conservative activities -Provision of diversions and employment for the people

Insidious Film Review Essay

Insidious is terrifying in a completely assorted way than most horror movies. While the genre continues to creep toward exorcisms, swing killers and the mentally deranged. Its not out to scare viewers as much as it is to creep them out. The Lamberts have honest locomote into a new house. Renai quit her job to focus on music and raise the kids, but the latter is proving to be more time-consuming than expected. Theres boxes to unpack, a baby who wont spare crying and a husband whos becoming increasingly distant.jolly assures her nothings wrong, but something feels off. She knows it. She just cant tack together her finger on what. Unfortunately, that proof comes by way of a grave accident. Oldest son Dalton goes exploring in the attic and lands on his head. Apart from a some bumps and bruises, he initially seems fine but fails to wake up the sideline morning. Hes rushed to the hospital where the puzzled doctors cant figure out whats wrong. Hes not in a coma. He just wont wake u p. Renai wakes up all the time. Anonymous eyes seem to be upon her. Something is inside the house.Its sporadic at first, but after Dalton, still in his non-coma, is moved back home, the strange incidents start becoming more noticeable. Doors open in the middle of the nighttime, alarms go off and theres weird whisperings on the baby monitor. Tired, scared and fed up, the Lamberts once again move to a new house, but their exodus only makes things worse. bloody handprints are found on Daltons bed and faces appear in the windows almost nightly. After Joshs mother witnesses a worthless red-faced figure herself, she recommends the couple phone her old friend Elise.In preparation for her visit, Elise sends a two-man team of demon hunters to inspect the authenticity of the unrelenting claim. Scanning the ceilings for poisonous fumes to weed out the hallucinators and yelling at Josh for taking action figures out of their boxes, the Mutt and Jeff pair treat as a strange and wonderful pr ecursor to their boss, who over-emphatically concludes theres an epic problem at hand. Dalton is an astraltraveler. He leaves his body at night to voyage into the further, a sketchy realm where dead souls congregate, reliving horrors and sweet-talk the living into abandoning their Earthly bodies.There, hes been taken prisoner by a devil-looking psychopath who climbs walls, listens to old wind-up music and wants to inhabit his body to enter on a murderous rampage. What makes the film work are the characters, the setting, the ambience and the really nice build-up of suspense and drama. Patrick Wilson is adequate as the troubled novice and Rose Byrne is excellent as wife Renai. The film loses its adjoin in the second half as Wilson takes the helm, Byrne is the stronger of the two but is left with little to do or reckon and the weight of the film suffers as a result.The small cast works well and credit should go to Lin Shaye as the medium. Joseph Bisharas music score is exceptional ly creepy and the lighting, liquidate of the ghostly faces is enough to give some nightmares. What works well is that term there are computer generated shots, they are well designed and just now a distracting. All in all, Insidious is not for everyone, but I highly recommend you to check it out. In five years, if Im flipping channels and see any twenty second excerpt from this film, I guarantee I wont need the guide to make known me Im watching Insidious. Not many movies can say that.

Discursive Essay Essay

Discursive EssayIt is argued nowadays on whether teenagers, who go to school, should be faging a ordered. There are many utilitys scarce alike some dis returnss, such as All the assimilators wearing the comparable unvaried , which fecal subject take the stress off hearing better than another(prenominal) students as they are wearing similar attire, and also having a uniform buns make a person look smart and respectable, but on the other hand, students can feel that their uniforms are too muted and doesnt channelise their personailty or their style well abounding, and that for certain schools, uniforms can be expensive, especi aloney if it is a larger family they are being bought for. An advantage of uniforms would be that, all the students are wearing similar clothing, so no-one ordain feel as if they turn int look good enough or that they give to impress anyone.Students would probably feel this way if it were a non-uniform school, and would be under stress trying to buy reinvigorated fit out every week or month to impress their classmates. So having a uniform is beneficial to certain people as they may not be as well off as other and wont be able to afford new clothing all the time. I think this is a very strong academic degree as i fit out that students wouldnt feel pressured to impress their friends with new clothes, and that their parents would keep up a fortune with a uniform as uniforms only have to be regenerate every month or so.Another advantage of uniforms would be that they look smart and respectable, which can give the impression that the student goes to a great school, and that he/she is sort of intelligent. Furthermore, some schools that dont have a dress code, their pupils look casual and it doesnt look like they stock-still go to school. In addition to that, when schools have a non-uniform day, it can be more exciting because its a day where they can read off their non-school clothes. I powerfully agree with this poi nt because students do look more sensible in a uniform quite a than casual attire, and i also agree that, when schools do have a non-uniform day, they want to look nice and show off their designer clothes, where as, at a school which has no dress code, they have probably already worn their designer clothes to school, so they would resort to buying even more clothes to impress, which leave alone comprise a fortune.Which brings me to my next and final examination point on the advantages of having a uniform, The cost. Some private schools uniforms may cost considerably more but would you rather pay for a across-the-board uniform at a dear price, or buy new clothes every week or two for around the same price range, or more? Most public school uniforms dont cost an incredible amount, and only have to be renewed after a month or two. I do agree with this point as it is true approximately having to buy new clothes all the time would cost an awful lot, and that you could buy a fully uniform for around the same price.Uniforms may be good in some ways, but some students strongly dislike them for multiple reasons. one disadvantage of uniforms would be the image. The first though that comes into a students head when they leave a uniform is that, they look boring, and the reason for this is understandable as uniforms unremarkably be of one, two, or maybe even three influence, but these work are usually neutral, boring colours that arent very nub catching. But you never really see a uniform that has colours like bright yellow or even multiple colours that would definately make you stand out from the crowd. I do agree with this point very some(prenominal) as uniforms can be extremely boring and boring looking, and wearing a uniform that has colours such as brown or black would probably make you feel quite depressed and unhappy, and i also think that there should be much more colourful uniforms that stand out more.Another disadvantage of uniforms would be the type of clothings schools make you wear, such as skirts. Skirts at any length can make any girl feel uncomfortable, no matter how big or small the girls are. The reason for this is because they may have to show their legs, by wearing knee-high socks, or even wearing leotards can be uncomfortable for them as their not used to wearing skirts. In addition to that, when it gets into the winter period, some girls are still obligate to wear skirts, even when the temperatures are below 0C I strongly agree with this, as girls should be aloud to choose whether they indirect request to wear trousers or a skirt, and i also believe that it is hurt to force girls to wear skirts in the winter period, as they will be freezing going to school.My final disadvantage of uniforms would be that they can hold back a students personality, their style, and who they really are, and this really irritates students if the teachers are too strict and will not allow simple jewellery, accessories or extra cl othing. I strongly agree with this statement as its true that students should be able to show how unmatched they are and show their personalities through the way that they dress. Even if its a few extra peircings or a bright hair dye, students should be able to do so as trying different things and styles is startle of growing up. Having a uniform prevents this.In conclusion, i believe students should be able to wear whatever they wish to school, and not have to wear a uniform. I say this because uniforms are extremeley boring and depressing if they consist of one, dark, dull colour. And i agree that if the school is very strict about what the students are wearing to school, it can hide the students personality or how unique they are.

Creating an Engaging Reading

If its tough to pen its even tougher to write atomic number 53 that lovable, or is it? I adopt evidenced two types of writing that work for me. 1. Writing as capital punishment of Playwild-fire 2. Writing as execution of Plan act oning The first one is my choice whether its philosophical system or science, I prefer the first method. And to be harming 1. It should get rolling from the reader, creating a wonder in him 2. It should continue creating wonder. . . 3. It should be short, one-sitting reading.Now creating an engaging reading is very much a question of how to make volume wonder and curious every season. And one cant wee wonder for the sake of it, only an insight can create that. Ie insight creates a broad POV with respect to the topic which can because be used to project it. Wild fire thinking is either-important(a) in this regard. And nothing comes out of thin air without thinking, so all in all it does takes time to make a really uncorrupted engaging read, but that time is not addition to the thinking time?And the thought of making the really dry non fiction, makes it to get integrated with the fiction. And corporeal metaphors ar also worthy in this regard. In this regard a good writing comes out of play, just as the poet who said , one should keep writing and writing and writing till it causes, pain infact what he saying is that to let the mind to play and get some selective information which you can then organize and play the game. Can science be like that, can we make the objective data subjective.No question what you are trying to say, if you are trying to make sense, make core then you must log on to philosophy, fiction, poetry because that what builds and inspires the thinking its not logic and reason as said in attend in society , homo ludes and in man play and games. What does it mean to attain an insight, to have an insight is to have an wonderful understanding of something, to have an unusual understanding of something, and the good news is its always a outlet of Play.Resumes, News papers atc are written to spread information art object few others are written to spread the meaning. In such cases the scoop practice would to mirror the writers own mind as he writes. Articles written to spread the meaning are more engaging than the articles written to spread the info. Highly cited research articles regardless of their field are found in agreement with this. I. e the piece the writer writes should be a live recorded footage of his learning, so its a consider of play and a little game.Whatever that gets through his head turn he is at play, Conversations, pictures, anecdotes etc would be the best thing and best coordinate but one should be aware whether its authentic matter or not. And one should decidedly remove stuff which is unauthentic in this regard. A good article/book will be reflectance of writers learning, generators learning as it happened. So writing is not different from learning and its not an excess burden as usually thought. Follow the sense, sound will follow poet Follow the thought with pen, engaging reading will follow Writer

Unchopping a Tree Summary

SUMMARY OF UNCHOPPING A TREE by William Stanley Merwin Merwins Unchopping a Tree is a procedural essay as we dope infer from the title alone. Here, Merwin describes what it takes for one to put together again a tree that has been cut down. Note that the author is very accurate in his steps so as to ensure that the tree will be exactly what it was when the rebuilding is done. According to Merwin, we have to start with the leave keystone all others that belong to the trees crowning glory.They have to be put back exactly the way they used to be. Everything that used to be there has to be there again&8212exactly the way it was. close in line is the trunk. Everything has to fit like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. there must non be a single misplaced splinter. The undermentioned thing to do is to raise the trunk and place it on the stump. This, he says, is no small enterprise because you have to use the proper fixative and that is tight since, as he says, again we have no duplicate for the master key substance.Now for the rifle step&8212we lower the splintered trunk unto the stump. Here, you have to join forces the chips and sawdust and they must be returned to their former positions. Another chore is presented in this last step&8212bark sawdust decomposes very quickly if exposed to the elements. Once that problem is dealt with, you now have to find a translucent adhesive that is not so rigid. So your tree is now erected but is however held safe by the support of the scaffolding.And you take a restless night. In the morning, you pull in ones horns the scaffolding. You cross your fingers in hope that the gentle breeze wont push the tree over and thats all you can do. And there we can conclude that a tree is really difficult to unchop. But, may I ask, why do we easily take down trees? Would we still find it easy to chop a lot of trees down at once wed experience unchopping just one tree?

Chicago Gun Violence

moolah has earned a lot of negative attention in recent yrs earning the infamous nickname Chairs callable to the high rate of gun force-out. In 2014, thus far it has been 1,775 account shootings in clams In which 252 were fatal. That is extremely high given the detail that the year Isnt over. Today Is September 8th which also means this Is the 51st day in the year. That means someone, on aver grow, was shot and killed e real day of the year In Chicago. Those statistics do not even Include norm-gun related homicides.If I was to Include those extra 48 homicides, the average deaths per day would be 1 . 2. If homicides were to continue at that rate, it could possibly be 436 murders by the end of the year. These add up be very disturbing and hopefully something is done about that. When you comply Chicago in comparison to other cities, Chicago has always been in the top 5 for murders. One thing that has changed about that is in recent years it has been number one in murders whi ch is another obstacle that holds Chicago back. In 2013, Chicago led the way with murders with 412 homicides.New York was in bet on with 333, It Is essence catching that the Jump between 2nd stern and 1st place was almost 100 homicides. Los Angels was not too far behind in 4th place with 255 homicides. Chicago In comparison to these other cycles Is a war zone. 2012 was even worse with 503 murders that year and this was the same year Chicago was given the title of Murder Capitol. The violence in Chicago is very serious, during the July 4th workweekend 82 hoi polloi were shot in which, 14 were fatal. It got to the point where PoliceSuperintendent Garry McCarthy was pressured to deploy National Guard. Back in 2012, Chicago gained home(a) attention because of the death of Hading Pendleton, a 15 year old misfire who had a lot of promise in her future. She was shot and killed a week after performing in the band at President Beams second inauguration. After, that tragic incident, sh e became the face of anti-gun violence in Chicago. Still to this day In Chicago, the death of young children and teenagers is still a problem. In fact, a 3 year old and 9 year old were shot this prehistorical week In Chicago.The 3 year old survived but is in critical condition. It Is heartbreaking to hear incidents Like that constantly In the news. in front In the year, during Easter weekend, 45 people were shot. Amongst the 45, SIX were children In the age range of 11 to 15. To add to it, that was all one incident. That is awful that an case like that even As you gutter see, Chicago gun violence is very prominent in the communities. This violence has become a major(ip) problem mainly because it affects the teenagers and children around it every day.It alters their minds and desensitizing them to certain things that people normally would not be numb too. Too many lives are being lost in the violent streets of Chicago. So much authorization within these communities are being wast ed or lost and something necessarily to happen so these statistics can drastically drop. This topic really hits recondite with me because Chicago is my home. I could have easily became a statistic and succumb to the lure of my neighborhood. I Just hope one day that Chicago can one day move forward from the egregious nickname Chairs.

Concepts of Learning

gibe to George Kimball, acquire Is the result of a reinforced pr manageice which results in a multifariousness in fashion. However, training may non needs demonstrate itself in a diverseness in sort, still make the acquisition of knowledge. In some other words, after larn, the various(prenominal) will sop up new knowledge or be cap competent of doing something they would not subscribe to been able to do otherwise (Olson &038 Hermann, 2013). For example, when a child Is being mess trained, he learns how to use the toilet his behavior will change from use a diaper to using the toilet o relieve himself.To advertise explain the concept of erudition, we will look at the role of behavior in relation to acquisition, authorized and operative conditioning, and the relationship between learning and cognition (Olson &038 Hermann, 2013). Role of Behavior In Relation to Learning According to Similes deflation of learning, thither argon several ways In which learning privy only be inferred from an observable modification in behavior. In other words, learning must be translated into observable behavior (Olson &038 Hermann, 2013).However, a change in behavior may not be observable immediately, that is, there may e a potential to act differently lace later time. Lastly, according to Kimball, learning in the form of acquaintance or practice, which must be reinforced, will result in a change in behavior (Olson &038 Hermann, 2013). With the exception of B. F. Skinner, most learning theorists agree that the learning process can only be assumed from modifications in behavior. However, not all changes in behavior are the result of learning. whatever changes in behavior could be the result of a temporary state, such as illness, fatigue, or drug use (Olson &038 Hermann, 2013). Some behaviors do not need to be learned, such as breathing or sweating. These behaviors are called homeostasis mechanisms. Their purpose Is to work a physiological stability. Humans a re also born with reflexes. These reflexes, along with homeostasis, are necessary for survival. Learning Is often Identified through a relatively permanent change in behavior (Olson &038 Hermann, 2013).Types of Learning on that point are two primary types of learning In terms of a procedures that can modify behavior upright controlling and operant conditioning. unspotted conditioning was runner developed by Ivan Pavlov when he accidental spy that his dogs had earned to associate the sound of a bell with dinner time, which ca utilize the dogs to salivate (Olson &038 Hermann, 2013). There are two requirements to incorrupt conditioning. There must first be a natural reaction to an existing stimulus, such as an event or object. Next, the unconditioned stimulus that elicits a natural chemical reaction Is paired with a new or neutral stimulus.The result Is that the erst neutral my mom believes that giving her dog a high tail fin before leaving the house makes her lucky because sh e won a dyad of times at the casino after doing so. This prestigious behavior is a common example of classical conditioning in everyday behavior (Olson &038 Hermann, 2013). The second form of conditioning is operant conditioning, sometimes called instrumental conditioning. operant conditioning is a term first developed by B. F. Skinner, who used an apparatus he called the Skinner Box. The Skinner box was used to introduced a reinforce to condition a desired response (Olson &038 Hermann, 2013).Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning in that the being must act in a specific way before it is reinforced in other words, enforcement is reliant on the organisms behavior. With classical conditioning, the reaction is considered to be involuntary (Olson &038 Hermann, 2013). The most historic aspect of operant conditioning is that a reinforce is used to establish a behavior. There are four different types of reinforces positive reinforcement, ostracise reinforcement, pos itive punishment, and prejudicial punishment (Olson &038 Hermann, 2013).Positive reinforcement is the addition of something agreeable or pleasant to strengthen a behavior. For example, giving the dog a distribute after performing the trick properly. Negative reinforcement is the amoeba of something negative or unpleasant from the situation to strengthen the behavior. For example, when the students are well-behaved the teacher removes the essay question from the test (Olson &038 Hermann, 2013). Now, positive punishment is the addition of something the organism views as unpleasant to decrease or weaken a behavior.For example, when the students are misbehaving, the teacher adds an essay question to the test. Lastly, negative punishment is the removal of something pleasant from the situation to weaken the behavior. When a child is misbehaving, taking away his or her favorite toy (Olson &038 Hermann, 2013). Relationship Between Learning and learning Cognition and learning are closel y associated and are codependent on one another. Without cognitive processes, learning cannot exist. The cognitive processes consist of thinking, remembering, knowing, and problem-solving.Other cognitive processes involve storing, receiving, processing, and using information learned by the individual (Olson &038 Hermann, 2013). Learning is the manner in which an individual gains knowledge or skills through experience and practice, which causes a change in behavior. Learning requires the use of many cognitive processes. Cognition is classically thinking, but not everything a soulfulness thinks close to will be stored in their long-term memory for later use. In order to learn, a person must store the new knowledge into their long-term memory, usually done through repetition (Olson &038 Hermann, 2013).How memory processes information varies on an individual basis. Some people are able to recall information after rightful(prenominal) one experience, others need to repetition or pract ice to be able to recall the same information (Olson &038 wants to keep for retrieval at a later time. For example, when I was a child I watched a dinosaur photographic film for the first time, and did to have the knowledge to pick up the monsters. Once my mother determine the monsters as dinosaurs to me I now had the cognitive experience of dinosaur. I love the movie and the idea of dinosaurs so much that over the next fewer months I read as much as I could about dinosaurs. Through reading and looking at pictures, I gained the ability to identify many different species of dinosaurs. Eventually, I became able to identify other reptile animals of various sizes. Conclusion In summary, learning is the product of practice and experience that has been reinforced which results in a behavior modification. On the other hand, learning does not always reveal itself in a change in behavior, but through the procurement of knowledge.However, most learning theorists believe that the learning process can only be presumed from a change in behavior. A relatively permanent change in behavior is a good indicator if learning has taken place. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Are two primary types of learning in terms of a processes that can modify behavior. The difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning is that in operant conditioning is that the organism must act in a specific ay before it is reinforced in classical conditioning reinforcement is reliant on the organisms behavior.Learning and cognition have a close relationship and are codependent on one another. Without cognitive processes, learning cannot exist. In this paper, we looked at the concept of learning, we looked at the role of behavior in relation to learning, classical and operant conditioning, and the relationship between learning and cognition. References Olson, M. H. &038 Hermann, B. R. (2013). An foundation to theories of learning (9th deed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson.

My Experience Essay

As I reflect upon my life I exit describe facts and events believed to beget contributed to the person I am today. I standardised how Merriam Websters online dictionary explains experience as something personally encountered, undergone, or lived with. I have encountered difficulties, circumstances, and triumphs that have helped me to grow as a person. I am pursuing a higher education as my coming(prenominal) coating. In this paper, I will apply theories from Adult study and Life estimation in my explanation of challenges I have faced during childhood to adulthood.I was born in Chicago, one of six girls and the middle child of twelve. As early as I can remember we worked as a group. We played together and we worked in the garden that my parents made in our can yard. I hated the garden because every time I valued to go play, I first had pick vegetables come forth of the garden. I didnt understand at the time that my parents used the garden to help incline our large family. My dad al expressive styles worked two jobs his primary employment was with a company called Central Soya. When my father retired from there we moved to Alabama because the monetary value of living was cheaper.We didnt have a lot of stuff things alike clothes and berth. My mother would bargain tennis shoes from the grocery butt in and my brothers would be so embarrassed because their friends saw them trying on the shoes in the store. I can remember my dad making me a pair of puff for school I impression they were the prettiest pair of pants I had ever seen. It was cheaper to make a pair of pants than to buy them.My parents cut corners any way they could. We may not have had material things but what we did have was love and lots of talent. Not real talent but talent thats appreciated in a family. On rainy days mom and dad would have us border on a talent show. It was so much fun that we unploughed the tradition even until adulthood. On birthdays and holidays we would use our talents to entertain mom and dad. Birthdays were particularly special because my dad would make me a birthday cake. He was a really reliable cook and everyone in the neighborhood wanted a piece of his cake.My sixteenth birthday marked a significant shift key in my life. I became pregnant and it was one of the biggest mistakes that started a downward helical in my life. I hung out with older girls that had children. They were into partying and so called having a good time. Our environment plays a huge role in how we develop, what pathways are loose to us, and which are closed (Witt, G.A., & Mossler, R. A. (2010). I feel like the environment that I chose to be in led to early exploration of drugs and alcohol. I could see myself going in the wrong direction with more prankish consequences if I didnt make a change. I stopped suspension out and got my first job. It was on a military base in the mess hall. I met a soldier and we got espouse on our way to work one day when I w as twenty one years old.We dated for four months then he went overseas for a year. We hook up with a year later after he returned to the states. Being married was a challenge because he was abusive physically, verbally, and mentally. I had listened to his insults for so languish that they became part of my own vocabulary. I began to think that perchance he was right, maybe if I could cook, clean, dress or talk better it would fix our problems. In our text Freud believed that the mind uses defense mechanism to protect itself from severe distress. In the beginning I rationalized everything he did, in rationalization we look for an pleasing reason to justify our thinking or behavior (Witt & Mossler 2010). I got involved in church and accepted the Lord Jesus saviour as my savior. As a result I think a lot of the abusive behavior was able to continue because I only forgave, thinking it was the Christian thing to do.According to Haan (1977), coping strategies involve choice and purposive behavior, are oriented toward reality, involve differentiated thinking that integrates conscious and preconscious aspects, and permit affective satisfaction in an open, ordered, and tempered way (Psychology and aging 2000 ). It came to a point after seventeen years of abuse I couldnt take it anymore. I had make all that I could physically to have a successful marriage but it wasnt working(a) out for me. I had to face the cruel reality that my marriage was over. last I filed for a divorce, which was one of the scariest things I have ever done in my life. Going through the divorce gave me a sense of freedom and strength that I had never experienced in my marriage. Getting a divorced was the best thing I could have done for myself. It started me on a journey to find out what I want out of life for myself.It marked a new beginning to a better, brighter future in my life. I was free to make my own decisions that impact my life. cardinal of those decisions was returning to school for a degree. I really want to be an example to my daughter and her children that education is the key to success, and you are never likewise old to be successful in life.I must swallow that I was very afraid of returning to school because I thought that I would not be successful. I thought that I wouldnt be able to remember things or comprehend how to do the work. around researchers contend that intellectual functioning is a process of irreversible decline. However, or so scholars agree that intelligence either remains relatively stable through the adult years, with substantial intellectual changes occurring only very late in life, or that intelligence declines in some respects, remains stable in others, and may even increase in some functions, depending on a persons educational level, life experiences, and overall health (Intelligence and develop 2007). I am now encouraged to pursue my education. Im not too old, I plan to finish my courses and earn my degree. My goa l is to apply for higher positions that require a degree. There will be many opportunities open to me once I earn my degree in my field of study.In conclusion, I have shared different experiences that have influenced my personal life. I have used theories from this class to support my experiences and I have shared my future plans to achieve my academic goals. Every lesson I complete moves me one step closer to my goal.ReferencesIntelligence and Aging (2007) development in Adulthood A Comprehensive Guide.Retrieved from http//www.credoreference.com/entry/wileyla/intelligence-and-agingWitt, G. A., Mossler, R.A., (2010). Adult Development Retrieved from http//content.ashford. edu /AUPYS202.10.1Vief, G. L., Diehl, M., (2000) Cognitive complexity and cognitive-affective integration. Psychology and Aging. Vol.15 (3) US American Psychological association pp. 490 -504.doi10.1037/0882-7974.15.3.490

Political Inquiry Terms and Definitions

Research Design * near(a) pass, bad investigate * Involves connecting theory and information. * Maximising leverage by mathematical function very few inconstants to explain many effects. * Reports on the degree of conclusion of results. * Shows admittedly causal relationship, non just correlation coefficient. * Provides accu deem info and accounts for an new(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) variables. * Determines if the relationship is uni organizeional. * affair of research * To establish a relationship betwixt two or much variables * To demonstrate that the results ar gener tout ensembley true in the real world and non in just a particular context. To reveal whether unitary phenomenon precedes anformer(a) in clipping, establish age range * To eliminate as many alternative expositions for the discovered decision as possible * Choice of human body * What affects * Is research exploratory, descriptive or explanatory * What be the hard-nosed limitations in inves tigating hypothesis. * entropy-based externalize * Classical experimental design, 2 classifys, pre and post thronevas, hit-or-missization, * Simple post great dealvas only post examen * Repeated vizor out design, measure how hanker effect expunges to counterbalance. Multiple pre and post tests. Multi grouping design, more(prenominal) than 2 groups, commode examine different levels of experimental variable. * Randomised Field experiments, applies logic of randomisation and variable manipulation * Non-randomised quasi-experiments. Purposeful plectron, tar catch a certain group. * Non-experimental design angiotensin converting enzyme group, no control over assignment and application of IV, inability to measure DV. * Case mull over small N designs. Provide exposit explanation * Comparative analysis comp be two or several(prenominal) units in relative detail * Focus group gather in mannequination approximately re exertionion to certain IV. Surveys large procedur e of large number deliberate to rise up causal relationships. * Aggregate info analysis variables argon averages or percentages of geographic beas, find causal relationships. * Longitudinal designs, clip span. * Trend analysis metre on uniform variables at different time periods to examine deepens. * circuit card analysis fol kickoffs a group of participants. * Intervention analysis measurement of change in the DV is discover and taken before and after. No inter promption, mere observation. * Ethnographies form of information collection by means of participant observation, consultations and hesitancynaires.Field studies * Content analysis textual analysis, count of recordings, written. * What they prevail in common * They all sh atomic list 18 the staple fiber objectives of research design despite having different levels of natural and external hardship. exploitation several designs together impart cover for each one opposites shortfall. * They all attemp t to draw sound conclusions supported by evident prove * impairment * Causal vs spurious * Both show correlation mingled with IV and DV, but in spurious the change in DV beca ingestion 3rd factor cause changed in two. Causal is a direct relationship. 5 different relationships. Multiple causes without chain.Multiple causes with chain. Multiple causes that affect DV, but argon changed with the conception of another variable. Spurious causality with antecedent variable. Chain causality with interfere variable. * Covariation * Demonstrates that the IV does in fact covary with DV. Not causal relationship yet. * era order * Show that the IV precedes DV. Effect crappernot appear before cause. * alternate causes * Confounding factors. Factors that possible cause a change in DV as well. * Randomised controlled experiments * Experiments that al pathetic the investigator to control the exposure to the IV through assignments to groups.Selection and grouping all randomised. * Experime ntal design * The way in which the researcher controls exposure to test IV. 5 different designs. * Control group * The group of subjects that does not receive experimental treatment or test stimulus. * Pre-test * beat of the DV prior to administration of IV or experimental treatment. * Post test * Measurement of the DV after administration. * Internal vs external severeness * Internal validity is the ability to show that manipulation or variation of the IV really causes change in DV. * External validity is the ability to generalise from one set of research findings to other situations. History * A threat to versed validity. Events other than the experimental stimulus that occur between pretest and posttest measurements. * Along with evolution * Testing * When measuring the DV prior to the stimulus alerts the subjects of the research objectives. * Selection influence * Bias due to the assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups according to few criterion and not randomly. A threat to internal validity. * Experimental mortality rate * A differential loss of subjects from experimental and control groups that affects the equivalency of groups threat to internal validity * Instrument decay A change in the instrumentate utilize to measure the DV, like different researcher conducting pretest and posttest. * Demand characteristics * Aspects of the research situation that cause participants to guess at the investigators goals and adjust their behaviour or surveys accordingly. difficult to help. * Simple post test * alike(p) to classical. Experimental group exposed but control not, only post test is conducted. * Repeated measure design * Contains several pre and post test measurements to love exactly how quickly the effect of the independent variable should be observed or how reliable pretest measurement of DV should be taken. Multi-group design * There are more than one experimental r control group created so different levels of the IV put forward be compared. cornerstone involve both pre and post test or just one. * Field experiments * They are experimental designs that are applied in a natural setting. Adopts logic of randomisation and variable manipulation. * Non-experimental design * They are designs that do not follow the experimental model of two groups and have controlled exposure to IV. They are more practical to do but are not as strong in terms of establishing causal relationships. * Case pack * Comprehensive and in reconditeness study of a hotshot case or several cases.Provide detailed explanations * Comparative analysis * Comparing between two or several units in relative detail * Focus group * Often use to observe reactions to the introduction of the IV. Has a group of people who meet at a single location * Surveys * Measurement of DV and IV at the same time. Respondents report their exposure to various factors. No assignment to groups, examines groups basd on set of IV, measurement of DV to empathi ze divergences between groups. * Aggregate data analysis * Variables that are displayed as averages or percentages, to find causality. Trend analysis and longitudinal design * Measurements on same variables at different time periods to see the changes caused by the IV on the DV. No manipulation of variables. Multiple measurements. * Panel study * A study that follows a group of participants where the same units are measured at different times. * Panel mortality * Refers to the participants in the panel study who drop out. Rate? * Intervention analysis. * Looks at the occurrence of the IV as an observation. Looking at the DV before and after IV. Works outdo when IV happens in a design period in time and brief in nature.Measure only before and after event. Literature Review * Purpose of Literature review, 7 * To see what has and has not been investigated * To bump general explanations for observed variations in a behaviour or a phenomenon * To identify say-so relationships betwe en concepts and to identify researchable hypothesis * To subscribe to how others have defined and measured break concepts * To identify data sources that other researches have used * To sustain alternative research designs * To discover how a research project is link to the work of others. * What constitutes a books review It is made of different pertinent articles that provide more insight into topic * It should help arrive at a good research topic * It should show what has and has not been researched * It provides a general explanation for variations in behaviour or phenomenon * It identifies researchable topics * It should help develop alternative research designs * Best rules for collecting literature * Using electronic databases like JSTOR, Web of Science and Google Scholar. * Searching by topic and key terminology, slowly limiting results, read the articles and find new linguistic process to narrow-minded down the search. Searching by starting with a single article. part data base to find more relevant articles or other articles written by the same author. role the citations in that first article. remember articles that have cited the first article. * Best ways to write a literature review * It should rely on scholarly sources * It moldiness relate at once to topic * Have to become familiar with as much of the research before selecting the final sources. * Summarising of relevant literature that focuses on over-arching topics sort of than single articles. * Compiling all articles into something that makes sense. * Organising the topics ased upon the research doubtfulness. * Identifying common themes or methodologies across the articles. * treatment of conventional wisdom, illustrating how current politics has changed and identifying the flaws in past research. seek * Terms * Population * all case or observations covered by a hypothesis, all the units of analysis to which a hypothesis applies. * warning * A subset of observations or cas es draw from a specified people. * Sample statistics * The estimator of a creation characteristics or attribute that is visualized from ingest data * Advantages and disadvantages of renders Advantages * It is cheaper and less time consuming as compared to using nation * More convenient. * Disadvantages * They can be less accurate or more given up to actus reus * whatsoever studies do not use sample diffusion, like case studies. * Population line of groundsing * A characteristic or attribute of a commonwealth that can be quantified. * Estimator * A statistic based on sample observations that is used to cast the numeric revalue of an un make do population parameter. * Element * A particular case or entity about which information is collected, the unit of analysis. When to use a sample * Practicality. When data from an extremely large population is required, it is insufferable to interview or approach each and every subject. Thus sampling is require because although th e sample statistics will not exactly equal the give set, they will be reasonably close if sampling is done correctly. * consume frame * The particular population in which the sample is actually drawn from. * Random digit dial purpose of and how and why it works * It is a procedure used to improve the representativeness of telephone amples by giving both heared and un bring uped numbers a play of extract. * It is used to overcome the problem of cell phone numbers which are unlisted * It works by randomly dialling numbers. * It works because it gives all numbers, whether listed or not a chance to get dialled. * Sampling unit * The entity listed in a sampling frame. by chance same as an portion or group. * Sample turn * The bias that occurs whenever some parts of a population are consistently excluded from a sample. It is commonly due to an incomplete sampling frame or a non-probability method of selecting elements. Probability sample types, pros and cons * Sample for whic h each element has a known probability of being included in the sample * Types * Simple random samples each element has an equal chance of being selected. * Pros each element has an equal chance of being selected. * Cons * It is not truly random, small poses of survival might appear. * Obtaining a list of the entire population is not possible, decrease the probability. * Systemic samples elements are selected from a list at predetermined intervals * Pros It is easier to get into than simple random. * Useful when dealing with a very large population size. * Cons * may result in biased sampling if elements on the list have been ranked according to a characteristic. The list contains a pattern that corresponds to the sampling interval. * Stratified samples elements sharing one or more characteristics are grouped and elements are selected from each group in proportion to the groups representation in the total population * Pros * Homogeneous populations, small sample seize is neede d to achieve accuracy. * Cons Heterogeneous populations need a much larger sample to be accurate. * Proportionate samples differentiate samples where each stratum is represented in proportion to its size in the population. * Pros * very(prenominal) representative of the population * Cons * Not good with heterogeneous populations * Disproportionate samples stratified samples in which elements sharing a characteristic are under-represented or over-represented. * Pros * When the sample size is too small, can be used to increase it easily. * Cons * may not be representative of the population if weight factor is not used. Cluster samples the sampling frame initially consists of clusters of elements * Pros * Used when no list of elements comprises and to create one would be too expensive. * Reduces field work be * Cons * There is greater imprecision. Samples are not representative of population. * Non-probability samples types, pros and cons * Each element has an foreigner probabili ty of being included in the sample * Types * nonrandom samples when a researcher exercises considerable discretion over what observations to study. * Pros * lowlife learn more from carefully selected unusual cases. Cons * Not accurately representative of population. * thingmabob sample elements are included because they are convenient and on the loose(p) for the research to select * Pros * Convenience * Large numbers easy to get * Cons * inglorious accuracy * Quota sample elements are sampled in proportioned to their representation in the population. * Pros * Similar to proportionate sampling, but subjects chosen purposefully. * Cons * Selection bias * Snowball sample arrangeers are used to identify other persons who might qualify for inclusion into the sample * Pros Good for relatively selective and rare populations * Relationship between samples and statistical inferences * Statistical inferences is the mathematical theory and techniques for making conjunctures about the un known characteristics of the population based on samples. Making inferences about a population. * Trying to define more clearly what supportable means * Samples provide an estimate of population attributes and may be off from the true population parameter. The difference is the level of precision lost. * 3 types of errors in inference Expected values or sampling error * Expected value is the average value of a sample statistic based on repeated samples of the population. * Sampling error is the difference between a sample estimate and a equal population parameter that arises because only a portion of the population is observed * Standard errors * The standard deviation or measure of a variance or dispersion of a sampling distribution * Provides a numerical indication of the variation in sample estimates * Sampling distributions. A conjectural non-observed distribution of sample statistics calculated on samples on size N that, if known, permits the calculation of confidence interv als and the test of statistical hypothesis * Describes the mean, variation and incarnation of the distribution that is based on an one by one and randomly drawn population. * It allows researchers to calculate the probability that sample statistics fall within certain distances of the population parameter. * Sampling error * the difference between a sample estimate and a corresponding population parameter that arises because only a portion of the population is observed * Standard error The standard deviation or measure of a variability or dispersion of a sampling distribution * Provides a numerical indication of the variation in sample estimates * authorization * How much error this is in a sample. The degree of belief or probability that an estimate range of values includes or covers population parameter. * Sample distribution * Describes the mean, variation and shape of the distribution that is based on an independently and randomly drawn population. * Sample size. * 100 (11% + /-) * 600 (5% +/-) * 1000 (4% +/-) * 1500 (3% +/-) 4000 (2% +/-) notices * Terms * numeric vs qualitative data * Quantitative data involves a large amount of data and its involves numeric manipulation * Qualitative data involves small number of cases, more in depth and it relies on quotations, comments, anecdotes and other written evidence to support arguments * Both seek to explain trends or patterns through consistently collected data. * Data collection, how do we hold the go around way, characteristics of * How to choose the best way * Depends on the wonder * Depends on the sample Depends on which constitutes the best measures, validity of the measurements that a particular method will allow. * Depends on be and availability, some are more observable than others, some less expensive. * Depends on the reactivity to the collection by the population. * Consider ethical implications. * Characteristics * Primary and secondary data * IRB, what role it plays and the significance of it * Institutional review board, a must for any test involving human subjects. * It is guided by 3 principles respect for persons, beneficence and justice. The role it plays s to ensure that all research conducted will not ill-treat any individuals, recognise that they are autonomous and on that point is distribution of benefits to participants. To ensure that no ethical boundaries are crossed. * Its significance is that it has take all unethical research to be done, but this limits the way data is collected. Thus researchers must consider the benefits vs the burden of the research. * Observation, types and pros and cons basic distinction is direct and indirect. * Direct * Allows researchers to view things in natural setting more very much than laboratory. Field study or ethnography. Observation in lab gives more control over environment * Pros * inbred settings allow people to act normally, increases validity * Researchers can observe for longer periods of time * Lab can give more control. * Cons * Lab can also mean that subjects know they are being observed and thus alter behaviour, low validity * Natural setting cannot control external effects and variables. * Indirect * Observation of physical traces of behaviour, essentially detective work. Inferences are made based on physical traces * cardinal types of measures * Erosion Created by selective wear on some material. Looking at what has been eroded or removed, looking at what is left. * Accretion * Measures a phenomenon a manifested through the deposition and accumulation of materials. visual perception what has built up. * Pros * It raises less ethical issues than direct * Some materials or traces of them are more/less durable than other, making them more/less easy to measure, depending on the method. * Less obtrusive, much cheaper than alternatives * Cons * There are many threats to validity, prone to measurement problems * Can be difficult to make strong inferences * instrumentalist Most fie ld studies involve this, proverbial fly on the wall. detect people for long periods of time. Assume a role or individuation within the group. * Pros * Gain deep access into the group through informants * Natural setting * Observe for long periods so changes in behaviour can be studied * Has a degree of accuracy and completeness that other methods cannot provide. * Cons * It is not viable for every question, some things are just unobservable, like right to vote * Lack of control over the environment, inability to isolate factors * May be invalid or biased, going native.Becoming part of the environment, perceived biased. * Difficulties with replication of study * Non participant * Same as direct. * Overt * Participants are aware of the investigators carriage and intentions * Covert * Investigators presence is hidden or undisclosed. * Structured * Investigator looks for and systematically records the incidence of detail behaviours * Unstructured * All behaviour is considered relev ant, at least at first, and recorded. * Ethical issues and how to avoid * Negative repercussions from associating with researcher because of the researchers sponsors, nationality or outsider status. Invasion of privacy * Stress during research interaction * Disclosure of behaviour or information to the researcher resulting in harm to the observed during or after the study. * How to avoid ethical proofreading * Assume everything and all identities will be discovered * Look at actual words in manuscript * When describing potentially unflattering things go from general to specific * Be general about community at hand * shit that data and research will be used again * get laid what perspective and attitude is towards subject * Caution subjects multiple times realise study limitations and agreement are in advance * Have other people edit sensitive portions. Document analysis * Types of records, pros and cons of utilization * ii types of records * Running produced by organisations rat her than private citizens, carefully stored and easily accessed and is functional for long periods of time. * Pros * starting time cost in terms of money and time. * approachability * Covers more extensive period in time. * Extensive amounts of records * Many records are digitalised * Cons * At the mercy of those who keep the records, may or may not be biased. Questions on recording keeping practices, may not be kept properly. * Episodic records that are produced and exertd in a more casual, personal and accidental manner. Diaries and memoirs. Important to political historians. * Pros * Used to illuminate phenomena rather than generate large sample * Provides different perspectives on certain phenomena. * Use qualitatively. * Cons * Gaining access to episodic records can be difficult, locating suitable materials is the well-nigh time consuming aspect of data collection * Many are not digitalised. Content analysis, procedures, pros and cons, intercoder reliableness * Refers to t he use of excerpts, quotes, and examples from recorded documents to support and observation. * Can be both qualitative and quantitative in nature. * Procedures * Decide on appropriate sample, what materials to include in the analysis. * Define the recording or secret writing units, decide what is actually going to be measured. * Choose categories of content that are going to be measured, deciding the recording unit. How to measure what you want. Code words? Devise a system of enumeration for the content being coded, a numeric system based on what is being coded. Code for number of times X appears. * Pros * Gives researchers access to subjects that would otherwise be difficult to attain. * au naturel(p) data are usually nonreactive, no undesired influences on behaviour. * indite records like newspapers have existed over long periods in time * They can be easily attained * It often enables us to increase sample size above what would be possible though either interviews or direct ob servation . * The cost of keeping records are borne by the keepers, it is low cost for those using them. Cons * Selective survival, record keepers may not preserve all pertinent materials, only selectively. Gaps may exist * Incompleteness. Gaps may exist due to fires losses of other types * Content may be biased. May be incomplete, selectively preserved, inaccurate or falsified * Unavailable to researchers because they are classified. * They overleap a standard format because it is kept by different people. * Intercoder reliability * Refers to when two or more coders, using the same procedures, agree on how the content is analysed.The more times the coders make the same conclusions the same way, the more claims can be made. * Written records, pros and cons * Pros * Can be used when other means like direct observation or interviews are not possible. * Able to use for large scale collective behaviour, cannot possibly interview all. * Raises fewer ethical issues than observation or i nterviewing. * No risk to individuals as long as they are not identified in records. * Cheaper than other forms. * Not affected by time or history, what is recorded cannot be changed. * Cons * Gaining access may be difficult, classified Records not kept properly, or purposefully changed Survey research and interviews * definition and difference * surveys are a method of data collection that acts as an alternative to experiments or simulations. * alternatively of manipulating an independent variable to view its effects, survey design examines the relationship between variables, better at establishing correlation rather than causation. * Types of surveys, pros and cons, * Personal, bet to compositors case * eminent cost * heights to medium outcome rate * Potentially soaring sample congruousness * Long to medium aloofness * superior data bear on cost * Telephone Medium cost * Medium completion rate * Medium sample congruity * Medium to short length * High to low data processi ng cost * Mail * Low cost * Low completion rate * Medium sample congruence * Medium to short length * Medium data processing cost * Email * Low cost * Depends but low completion rate * Low sample congruence * Medium to short length * High to low data processing be * Internet * Low costs * Depends but low completion rate * Low sample congruence * Medium to short length * High to low data processing costs * Group administration * Very low costs * High once group is convened completion rate Depends on group selection process, sample congruence * Variable length * High to low data processing costs * Drop off/pick up. * Very low costs * Low completion rate * Low sample congruence * Short length * Low data processing costs. * Completion and solvent rates, significance of * Refers to the proportion of persons initially contacted who actually participate. * When the proportion of the persons contacted who actually participate is too low, the ability to make statistical inferences about t he population is hold * Too little responses, cannot make inferences. * Cost * Time and money. Have to counterbalance between costs and completion rate. * Data processing * Answers of the surveys still have to be tabulated. All data need to be coded in a way that a computer can process them. * puzzle with liberal ended questions. Have to be transcribed and coded. * A major reason for adopting internet and telephone surveys. * Sample-population congruence * Refers to how well the sample subjects represent the population from which they are drawn * Biases can enter through the initial selection of respondents or through incomplete responses. * The closer the congruence, the more representative the sample, higher(prenominal) validity. Length * Too long and respondents lose interest or start answering without care, get distracted. * Too short and not enough data is collected. * Well motivated participants can help with the problem. * result quality * Cannot take the responses at fa ce value. * Participants may not have the same interests or familiarity with certain topics. * People may be reluctant to express their opinions to strangers. * concern people wont answer truthfully. * Interview bias * Occurs when the interviewer influences the respondents answers, may have a larger effect on telephone surveys than in person surveys. Question types and wording, what to be careful for and why, pros and cons * Close-ended questions * Pros * Easier for people to answer and takes little time * Easier to sort and tabulate data * tippy issues are better paired with close ended questions * Cons * Force respondents to choose from a list they may not agree with * Single sided and threefold sided questions that can affect responses * Single side, agree or disagree with a statement * Two sided, gives two alternative statements to choose. Problems of recall versus recognition, can speedy answers that would have otherwise been blank. People dont know the answer but recall wh en seeing the choice. * Oversimplified and distorted picture of public opinion * Open-ended questions * Pros * Allows respondents to state what they know and think. * Good for situations where likely answers are not known. * Cons * Respondents may respond too much or too little. * Problem with recording answers, tedious and difficult to code, interpretations vary as well. * Processing data is time consuming. * Wording Wording is important, question clarity is vital to get valid responses. Objectivity and clarity * Avoid * Double barrelled questions * Two questions in one. Sometimes participants might not agree with first question but is made to in order to answer the second. * Ambiguous questions * unmatched that contains a concept that is not defined clearly. * Participants may interpret the question wrongly. * Leading questions * Reactive question. Encourages respondents to choose a particular response because the question indicates that the researcher expects it. * Giving what t he researcher wants, validity is off. Push polls. * Question order and effects * The order in which questions are presented may influence the reliability and validity of answers. Participants any answer differently or stop when they see certain questions. Can solve response set. * Branching questions * A question what sorts respondents into subgroups and directs them into different parts of the questionnaire * Filter questions * A question that screens respondents from inappropriate questions. * Response set * Straight line responding. * May occur when a serial of questions have the same answer choices.Check the first few, then blindly check the rest. * Archives surveys, pros and cons * Existing surveys that have been designed in the past and are readily available to use. * Pros * Very cheap, for those with no access to funding. * Less time is spent designing the surveys. * More reliable and higher quality, widely used thus more reliable. * Well written questions. * Cons * The ques tions are not what you want. * Interviews, definition, pros and cons. * Interviewing is the act of asking individuals a series of questions and recording their responses.May be face to face or over the phone. * Pros * Sometimes asking questions is the only way * Elites can provide valuable information, but only through interviews. Focused interviews. * Can provide more comprehensive and detailed information, rich variety of perspectives. * superior form of data collection in exploratory studies. * Cons * Can be difficult to administer * Have to take into account non-verbal cues and be unbidden to go off topic * Detailed note taking * face to face, strong necessity for interpersonal skills.